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1、i 动词的时态和语态总结 I.I.动词的时态： 1动词的时态一共有 1616 种，以 askask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are ask ing was/were ask ing shall/will be ask ing should/would be ask ing 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成
2、进 have/has bee n had bee n ask ing shall/will have bee n should/would have bee n 行 aski ng aski ng aski ng II.II.动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has bee n asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had bee n asked 4
3、 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have bee n asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 1 0 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 n ot，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中 介副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had bette 变:为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变 为被动态。女口： Trees should not be pla nted in summer. /
4、The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that It is gen erally con sidered that It-i-s said that It is well known that It must be poin ted out that It is supposed that is reported that Itmust be admit
5、ted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The wi ndow wan ts/needs/requires repairi ng. The book is worth read ing twice. 2 The door won t shut. / The play won ThaCtlothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, en ter, reach, beco
6、me, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happe occur, bel ong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, con sist of, have oi lose heart 等等 非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to ha
7、ve bee n done 在非谓 语前加 not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分 词 现在 分词 doi ng havi ng done being done hav ing bee n done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去 分词 done 动名词 doi ng havi ng done being done hav ing bee n done sb s doing J 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 常用动词 只接不疋式做兵语 的动词 ho
8、pe, want, offer, l ong, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, prete nd, man age, agree, afford, determ ine, promise, happe n 只接动名词做宾语 的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imag ine, practise, suggest, fini sh, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, preve nt, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con sider can t help, feel
9、 like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick to 两 者 都 可 以 意义基本相同 begi n, start, like, love, hate, prefer,
10、contin ue （接不疋式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一 般或习惯行为） need, want, require （接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，右接不疋式则应用被动形式） 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do （指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing （指动作已经发生） go on to do （接着做另外一件事） go on doing （接着做同一件事） try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing （试
11、试去做，看有何结果） mean to do （打算做，企图做） mea n doing （意识是，意味着） can t help to d（不能帮忙做） can t help doin（忍不住要做） 3 III. 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, en courage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已 经完成 I heard him call me several times. have, no tice, see, watch, hear, feel,
12、 let, make 现在分词 no tice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行， 尚未完成 I found her liste ning to the radio. 过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强 调状态 We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be ty
13、ped. 表小与谓语动作冋时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前 发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作冋时 the boiling water / the boiled water 发生 the develop ing coun try/the developed 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作 country 之前，现已经完成 the falling leaves / the fallen leaves V. 非谓语动词做主语和表
14、语的区别: 区别 举例 不定 式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且 意义不变，并且还能用 what 来提冋主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is importa nt. (dream, bus in ess, wish, idea, pla n, duty, task 做主语时常用) 动名 词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作 比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用 it 做形式主 语，做表语时可以和主语互换
15、位置。 It is no use say ing that aga in and aga in. Teach ing is my job. 分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表 语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被 very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人 ”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表 示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状 态，含有“感到 ”之意，主语多是人。 The situati on is en couragi ng. The book is well writte n. (常见分词有 astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed 形 式)