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1、总结涡轮增压器使用过程中的注意事项总结涡轮增压器使用过程中的注意事项涡轮增压器是利用 发动机排气管排出的高速气流带动涡轮旋转，并通过同轴旋转的进气叶轮增大进气管的空气压力，增加气缸的充气量，提高发动 机功率，并降低排放，该技术在建筑机械上应用日趋广泛。Turbochargeristheuseofengineexhaustpipesofhighspeedairturbinerota tion,andthroughthecoaxialrotationoftheimpellerattheinletincreasedint akepipeoftheairpressure,increaseyourcyl
2、inder,increaseenginepower,a ndreduceemissions,thetechnologyisincreasinglywidelyusedinconstru ctionmachinery.由于废气涡轮增压器安装在排气管上，工作环境 恶劣，通常处在500c高温和每分钟1020万转的高速下工作， 且与发动机共用一套润滑系统，润滑条件差，如使用维护不当， 很容易导致增压器损坏，使发动机无法正常工作。我们只有了解其结构、原理，掌握正确的使用与维护方法， 才能有效提高机械的寿命，充分发挥其性能。Duetoexhaustgasturbochargersinstalledonth
3、eexhaustpipe,badworken vironment,usuallyat500Chightemperatureandunde门0200000RPMhighspeedwork,anduseaset oflubricationsystemandengine,poorlubricationcondition,suchastheus eofimpropermaintenance,veryeasytocausetheturbochargerisdamaged,theenginecantworknormally.Weonlyknowitsstructure,principle,tomas te
4、rthecorrectuseandmaintenance,caneffectivelyimprovethemechanica llife,givefullplaytoitsperance. 一、废气涡轮增压器的工作原理 A,theworkingprincipleofexhaustgasturbocharger 涡轮增压器主要由 涡轮机、中间体和压气机三大部分组成（如图所示）。涡轮机的主要作用是利用发动机排出的废气冲击涡轮作功， 以驱动压气机叶轮高速旋转。压气机的作用是将涡轮旋转的动能转变为空气的压力能，使 进入发动机的空气压力有效提高，增大空气进入量。中间体既是增压器的支承机构，又是增压器的润
5、滑冷却装置。工作时，增压器转子轴一端的涡轮叶轮在气缸排出的废气驱动下，带动另一端的压气机叶轮高速旋转（30000160000转/分钟），同时，涡轮带动离心式压气机提高进气压力，并通过中冷 器冷却，增大空气的密度后进入气缸，使每个工作循环进入气缸 的新鲜空气量增加，从而喷入更多的燃油。高压空气流经进气管进入气缸与喷入气缸的更多柴油混合燃 烧，显著改善了发动机的燃烧过程，可提高发动机功率30%50%,降低油耗8%左右。Turbochargerismainlycomposedofturbines,intermediatesandcompres sorthreeparts(asshown).Turbi
6、neisthemainpurposeofusingengineexha ustfromimpactturbinework,todrivethecompressorimpellerrotatingata highspeed.Istheroleofcompressorturbinerotationalkineticenergyistran sedintotheairpressurecan,ismakingtheairpressureintotheengineeffecti vely,increasetheamountofairintothe.Intermediatesisasupercharger
7、bea ringstructure,andthesuperchargerlubricationcoolingdevice.Work,supe rchargerrotorshaftsideoftheturbineimpellerdriveninwastegasinthecyli nder,drivenattheotherendofthehigh-speedrotatingcompressorimpeller (30000160000RPM),atthesametime,thegasturbinedrivingcentrifuga lcompressorandairpressure,andthro
8、ughthecoldcool,afterincreasingthe densityofairintothecylinder,makeeachworkcycleinthefreshairinthecyl indervolumeincrease,thusmorefuelinjection.Highpressureairthrought heintakepipeandinjectionintothecylindercylindermoredieselhybridco mbustion,significantlyimprovedthecombustionprocessofengineanden gin
9、epowercanbeimproved30%50%,reducefuelconsumptionbyaroun d8%.二、废气涡轮增压器的使用注意事项 2,theuseoftheexhaustturbinesuperchargermattersneedingattention 期 刊文章分类查询，尽在期刊图书馆 Journalarticlesclassifiedquery,injournalsinthelibrary1、选用润滑油 要确保质量 1,theselectionoflubricatingoiltoensurequality 涡轮增压 器普遍采用全浮式轴承，对机油的要求很高，应按规定加
10、注，并 定期清洗机油滤清器，保持机油清洁，严防泥砂和杂质掺入，如 有脏物掺入润滑油将加速轴承磨损。当轴承过度磨损时，叶片甚至会与壳体发生摩擦使转子转速下降，增压器及柴油发动机的性能将迅速恶化，出现功率下降、 黑烟过多、噪声增大以及转子轴两端漏油等现象。Turbochargercommonlyemployedfullfloatingbearing,hasahighrequir ementontheengineoil,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeprovisions,filling, andregularcleaningofoilfilter,keeptheoilclea
11、n,bewareofmud,sandandi mpuritiesadded,ifthereisdirtmixedwithoilwillacceleratethebearingwe ar.Whenbearingexcessivewear,bladesandevenwiththefrictionoftherot orspeedwillbereduced,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancewil ldeterioraterapidly,apowerdrop,increasetoomuchsmoke,noiseandthep henomenonsuchas
12、oilleakageonbothendsoftherotorshaft.2 起动后要 充分润滑 2,afterstartingtosufficientlubrication 发动机起动后，机油 到达涡轮轴承需要一定的时间，这时轴承的润滑条件差，所以， 起动后发动机应怠速运转5分钟左右，使润滑油达到一定的温度和压力，以避免突加负荷时轴承润滑不良而加速磨损，甚至出现卡死现象。凡是更换机油、酱油清洗机油滤清器或车辆停放一周以上后，起动前必须从进油口加入少量干净机油，并转动转子，使增压器得到充分的润滑，或在起动前转动曲轴几次，预润滑增压器。Afterstartingengine,oilittakest
13、imetoreachtheturbinebearing,thebearin gslubricationconditionispoor,so,afterstartingtheengineidlespeedshoul dberunforabout5minutes,thelubricatingoilreachesacertaintemperature andpressure,inordertoavoidsuddenload-uppoorlubricationbearingand acceleratewear,appearevenstuckphenomenon.Everyoilchange,clean
14、th eoilfilterorvehicleparkingformorethanaweeklater,beforestartingmustf rominlettojoinasmallamountofcleanengineoil,andturntherotor,thesup erchargergetsufficientlubrication,orrotatethecrankshaftseveraltimes,b eforestartingprelubricatedsupercharger.3. 熄火 前要怠 速降温 3.Toidletocoolbeforeshutdown发动机在高速满负荷运转，
15、或持续 大负荷运转中不可立即停车。如突然停车，增压器转子因惯性还会继续高速旋转，而柴油 发动机停车后润滑系停止工作，增压器轴承部位热量无法通过润 滑油带走，乳化液泵站且得不到充分润滑，很容易使轴承、转子 组件因缺油或过热而损坏。正常使用时应慢慢降低转速和负荷，停车前应怠速运转35分钟。Enginerunningatfullcapacityathighspeed,orcontinuetoimmediatelysto pbigloadoperation.Suchassuddenstop,thesuperchargerrotorduetothehi ghspeedrotationinertiawil
16、lcontinue,anddieselenginelubricationsyste mtostopworkingwhenparking,superchargerbearingpartsbyoilawayhea t,andinadequatelubrication,itiseasytomakebearing,forlackofoilorover heatinganddamageofrotorcomponents.Duringnormaluseshallbeslowl yreducetheenginespeedandload,parkingshouldbeidlerunbefore35mi nut
17、es4 使用中要定期保养 4,theuseofmaintenanceonaregularbasis 定期清洁空气滤清器并检查进气系统是否漏气。若滤清器堵塞，会使进气阻力增大，使压气机入口的空气压 力和流量减少，造成增压器工作效率降低。若进气系统漏气，灰尘将被吸入压气机壳内并进入气缸，造 成叶片和柴油发动机零件早期磨损，致使增压机和柴油发动机性 能变坏。Cleanairfilterregularlyandcheckwhethertheairintakesystemleak.Ifthef ilterblocked,canmaketheairintakeresistanceincrease,redu
18、cethecompre ssorinletairpressureandflowrate,whichreducestheturbochargerefficien cy.Iftheairintakesystemleak,dustwillbesuckedintoinsidethecompresso rcasingandintothecylinder,causingleavesearlywearanddieselenginepa rts,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancedeteriorat淀 期检查 增压器转子的轴向移动量和清除进油口的积碳。每工作200
19、02500小时，应检查转子轴的灵活性，测量转子的轴向移动量。测量时先拆下进、排气管，用千分表触头顶在转子轴上，然 后轴向推动叶轮进行测量，若移动量超过规定值，应拆下检修。清除中间壳上进油口的积碳，以确保机油顺畅进入增压器。Regularlycheckthesuperchargerrotoraxialtravelmotionofcarbondepos itionandremovalofoilinlet.Everyworkof20002500hours,shouldchec ktheflexibilityoftherotorshaft,rotoraxialtravelmotionofmeasure
20、ment. Whenmeasuringthefirstremovetheinletandexhaustpipe,touchthehead withadialindicatorontherotorshaft,theaxialmovestheimpellerwasmeas ured,ifthemobilemorethanspecifiedvalue,shouldremovetheaccess.Cle arancebetweenshellinletonthecarbondeposition,toensurethattheoilflo wintothesupercharger.三、废气涡轮增压器的常见
21、故障排除 Third,commontroubleshootingoftheexhaustturbinesupercharger1> 涡 轮转速下 降或发 动机 冒黑 烟 1,theturbinespeeddownortheengineemitblacksmoke 主要原因： 空气 滤清器堵塞；压气机吸气通道和内腔因油垢过多而阻塞；气缸内积碳与废气中的烟尘积聚在涡轮轴套内，使转子轴阻力增大；排气管阻塞或变形，导致排气不畅；涡轮密封环磨损失效，引起废 气泄漏，对涡轮叶轮的驱动力减小；进气管或接头卡箍未拧紧造成进气泄漏；涡轮叶轮经废气长期冲刷而变形。Mainreason:airfilterpl
22、ugging;Compressorsuctionpassageandlumenob structionduetogreasetoomuch;Carbonintheaircylinderandtheexhausts ootaccumulationwithintheturbineshaftsleeve,makerotorshaftresistanc eincreases;Exhaustpipeblockingordeation,causingtheexhaustpoorly;T urbinesealingringwearfailure,causegasleakage,thedrivingforce
23、ofthetu rbineimpellerdecrease;Inletpipeclampnottightenorjointcauseintakelea k;Bytheexhaustgasturbineimpellererosionanddeationforalongtime.排 除方法：清除空气通道内阻塞物，消除进、排气管的泄漏。Elimination:removeobstructionintheairchannel,eliminatetheleakageo 万nletandexhaustpipe.2、 压力机端或涡轮端漏油 2,presstheendortheturbineendleakag
24、驻要原因：是压气机端油封 磨损失效。当增压器润滑系统内的机油窜入压气机室，被吸入气缸内燃 烧，会造成机油过度消耗和气缸内积碳。二是涡轮端密封环损坏。当柴油机高速运转时，废气会窜入增压器的润滑系统，污染 机油；且当柴油机低速运转时，增压器内的机油则漏过密封环从排气管排出，造成机油的过度消耗。Mainreasons:oneisthecompressoroilsealwearfailure.Whentheoilinsid etheturbochargerlubricationsystemintothecompressorroom,drawninto thecombustionincylinder,o
25、ilwillcauseexcessiveconsumptionandcarbo ndepositioninthecylinder.Thesecondistheturbineendsealingringdama ge.Whenhighspeeddieselengines,gaswillintotheturbochargerlubricati onsystem,oilpollution;Insideandwhenlowspeeddieselengine,turbocha rgeroilleakageissealingringfromtheexhaustpipes,causedbyexcessive
26、c onsumptionofengineoil.排除方法：检查回油管、柴油机通风管和各连接管路的密封，需要时更换密封圈。Elimination:checkbacktotheoilpipe,ventilationpipeandthedieselengin econnectingpipesealing,whenneedtoreplacethesealingring.3 增压器 温度过高 3,thesuperchargertemperaturetoohigh主要原因：由于增 压器和发动机共用润滑系，若柴油机自身温度过高，增压器温度也随之上升；涡轮端油封磨损失效，机油窜入涡轮室内燃烧，涡 轮一端的温度
27、将大幅度升高。涡轮端温度应在500 c左右，压气机端温度不应烫手，若超出该温度范围则易烧坏增压器。Sharedmainreason:becauseoftheturbochargerandtheenginelubrication system,thetemperatureistoohigh,ifthedieselengineitselfsuperchargert emperaturerise;Turbinesidesealwearfailure,theoilintotheturbineindoo rcombustion,thetemperatureoftheturbineendwillrises
28、ignificantly.Thet urbineendtemperatureshouldbearound500c ,thecompressorendtempe ratureshouldnotbehot,ifbeyondthetemperaturerangeiseasytoburnoutth esupercharger排除方法：先检查发动机温度是否正常，再检查润 滑系统和冷却系统。:checktheenginetemperatureisnormal,checkthelubricationsystemandcoolingsystem.4、异常振动和噪声 4,abnormalvibrationand
29、noise主要原因：增压器支架刚度不够或连接螺钉松动；转子有损伤;叶轮外缘与壳体发生摩擦；增压器连接处局部漏气。Mainreason:thesuperchargerbracketstiffnessorconnectionscrewloose enough;Rotordamage;Theimpellerouteredgeandshellfriction;Thesupe rchargerjointlocalairleakage.排除方法：检查各连接管道，紧固有 关部件，清洁或更换转子总成。Elimination:checktheconnectionpipe,fasteningrelatedparts,cleanorre placetherotorassembly.