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1、借鉴国际经验促进我国小额信贷的商业化发展（Using international experience for reference to promote commercial development of microfinance in China）The existing micro credit institutions to create pressure to survive, to strengthen management, reduce costs, and actively innovate, this has become an important external driv
2、ing factors for the sustainable development of microfinance institutions. As in Bangladesh, there are many institutions to provide micro credit to rural areas, and even a district where there are 40 -125 institutions to provide microfinance services, it is this competition environment into a dynamic
3、 continuous development of the Grameen Bank, to promote its efforts to provide differentiated products. At present, the products provided by Grameen Bank cover the education, health, retirement and debt burden of the borrower's children until the death of the service products, and are in a favor
4、able position in competition with other organizations. In Indonesia, in addition to the Indonesian people's Bank (BRI) to provide microfinance services, and rural banks and other non bank institutions to provide microfinance services, including rural banks and rural credit institutions (BPR) (BK
5、D) etc. In Ukraine, in addition to the microfinance Bank (MFB), there are many other micro credit organizations, such as Aval bank, forum banking, micro and small enterprises, project department and so on. These institutions depend on each other, forming a situation of each division of labor and mod
6、erate competition, and promoting the sustainable development of microfinance institutions.(two) high interest margin is a common characteristic of international microfinanceThe serious information asymmetry, the lack of high cost of these four kinds of special collateral, specific costs and risks, t
7、he credit crunch caused by non production, is the main problem of microfinance institutions issuing loans in rural areas face, which makes it difficult to profit. Local financial institutions are often unable to provide a wide range of financial services for lack of funds or in order to guarantee lo
8、an repayment rates. The Indonesian government implemented the interest rate market reform in June 1983, and BRI can set interest rates on its own. At the same time, the BRI village bank provides a series of targeted customer savings products to absorb funds, launched high spreads loan service produc
9、ts, guaranteed profits, overcome the plight of other financial institutions facing sustainable development. The idea that low interest rates can help the poor get loans has been proved unworkable by years of practice. This not only can not achieve financial sustainability, but also to corruption, re
10、nt-seeking opportunities. Indonesia's interest rate market policy loans, the annual interest rate is usually 20%-40%, Bangladesh Rural Bank loans at an annual interest rate of about 20%, Bolivia sunshine bank loan interest rate is usually 47.5%-50.5%. The reality of microfinance operations in so
11、me countries shows that demand for high interest loans is very strong, which suggests that capital availability is more important than low interest rates in rural areas where capital is scarce. What's more, higher lending rates make it easier for richer non target groups to generate incentives t
12、o exclude target groups, so that low-income people and SMEs will have access to loans. At the same time, high interest rates are enough to cover costs and earn higher profits.(three) the reasonable upward shift of loans is an important basis for the sustainable development of microfinanceMost of the
13、 micro credit organizations do not necessarily serve the poorest people, and the goal of reasonable transfer has become the trend of microfinance development, and it is also an important foundation for microfinance organizations to achieve sustainable development. Providing microfinance services to
14、high-income people does not hinder the principle of microfinance services. In the long run, it is more conducive to achieving a win-win situation of sustainable development and social welfare improvement. In practice, even the Grameen Bank, a model for poverty alleviation, has not limited its lendin
15、g targets to the poorest households, such as 2005 of its total loans, by the end of 22%. The Rural Credit Department of the people's Bank of Indonesia (BRI-UD) serves mainly rural households, accounting for 60% of the average small and medium farm households, and basically excludes 10% rural hou
16、seholds with high incomes and 30% poorest farmers. Bolivia sun bank's predecessor PRODEM, the target group is the main city of micro enterprises or self-employed, poverty groups that actively carry out economic activities, rather than the poor, while the Bolivia sun bank its service object is al
17、l kinds of small enterprises have been established in the city.Microfinance banks in Ukraine also provide financial services for small and micro enterprises.(four) commercial operation is a universal choice for international microfinance institutionsThe commercialization of micro credit refers to th
18、e operation and management of micro credit institutions based on the market, so as to achieve the sustainable development trend. China traditionally considered for a long time, microfinance is a kind of welfare poverty alleviation tools, may not be the sustainable development of the industry, not to
19、 mention the profit, implicit in this view behind the view is: microfinance to aid international institutions or soft loans for capital source, in order to maintain the microfinance business, injection there must be Everfount donor funds. It is impossible to rely on the continuous injection of chari
20、table funds, so the prospect of further expansion of microfinance is very limited. But the fact that microfinance in some countries has been commercialized has changed people's ideas. Microfinance institutions as an independent credit subject, can create enough income to compensate for the cost
21、of funds and other related costs, including fill because of bad loans losses. In this regard, microfinance in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Latin America has demonstrated the role.Two, the obstacles to the commercialization of microfinance in ChinaMicrofinance, as a new type of financial means to allevi
22、ate poverty and promote employment in developing countries, has attracted worldwide attention and is being gradually emphasized and promoted. China's micro credit development has a short history, but under the impetus of the policy, the development is very rapid. In May 2008, the China Banking R
23、egulatory Commission and the people's Bank of China jointly issued guidance opinions on pilot projects for small loan companies. Most provinces responded positively and started pilot work. Together with the existing nearly 300 non-governmental organizations, microfinance institutions have made m
24、icrocredit a remarkable achievement in the areas of anti-poverty and rural finance development. But at the same time from exposed a lot of problems, such as the rural microfinance is still difficult to meet the requirements of rural economic development, the loan interest income cannot compensate fo
25、r operating costs and other issues, has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of small loan "".(1) there is no continuity in the collection of funds and the lack of stable sources of funds;In order to avoid systemic financial risks brought by Xichu, the provisions of
26、the central bank funding commercial microfinance company for its own funds, donated funds or a single source of wholesale funds form. From the perspective of maintaining the stability of the macro financial environment, this thinking is worthy of recognition. However, from a business perspective, &q
27、uot;microfinance institutions, only the loan does not exist, it is difficult to maintain long-term, because the microfinance company faces some practical constraints, such as borrowers repayment ability is poor, lack of collateral, higher operating costs, which will make investors bear the risk grea
28、tly, make small loans to the company itself in it is difficult to maintain long-term financial. In expanding the scope of business and scale, will encounter funding sources, once the capital chain of short-term disruption, the company's fight will be fatal. To solve the problem of financing beco
29、mes the key to realize commercial sustainable development of micro credit institutions. In fact, this problem has become a limiting factor for large-scale promotion of microcredit.(two) the guarantee mechanism of small loans is not perfectFirst comes the risk of the loan itself. At present, small lo
30、ans in the effective solution of rural vulnerable groups in the demand for funds and ease the contradiction between supply and demand of agricultural funds increasingly apparent, but the risk of small loans are gradually accumulated, the potential risk increased. The risk mainly comes from the natur
31、al risk of agriculture, and this risk is a risk that can not be controlled in the credit management of rural credit cooperatives. The second is the risks from outside. One is the credit risk from farmers. Credit risk is the biggest risk of small loans, credit is the lender's own personal reputat
32、ion, is a moral quality category, variables are great. Because some farmers credit consciousness, avoiding serious thought, even, there is a certain degree of psychological comparisons in repayment, often with each other form a chain reaction,The resulting chain of debt is extremely fragile, and onc
33、e broken and damaged, it will lose its binding effect on the repayment of the loan. Two is legal risk. Because of farmers' knowledge of laws and regulations are weak, will transfer a number of small loans to a person to use the phenomenon of the formation of risk superposition, and the rural law
34、 enforcement difficult, and small loan dispersion, the execution cost is high, so it is difficult for borrowers with bad credit behavior to give effective legal constraints. Three is management risk. The characteristics of small loans lead to strong concealment of illegal loans. Microfinance has the
35、 characteristics of simple operation, do the loan, issuing independent decentralized, part of the rural credit cooperatives microcredit is one-sided emphasis on simplify loan procedures and relax the examination, small loan responsibility is not clear, the "three check" system is not imple
36、mented, to the credit supervision and management difficult, there is a strong concealment in illegal loans. In addition to the rural credit cooperatives over a broad area, the vast rural regions, loans of farmers living in scattered, management and supervision of microfinance to effectively follow u
37、p, resulting in some places even more than other microfinance loan risk situation. Four is administrative intervention. Since the understanding of small loans still stay at the level of poverty alleviation means, this will inevitably lead to small loans to administrative colors, the emergence of hea
38、vy funds, light funds management and recycling phenomenon. Especially in 2001 the people's Bank of China advocate to carry out a comprehensive microfinance call, some local governments began to engage in formalism, not realistically the credit evaluation of farmers, but the subjective conjecture
39、, a mere formality. Some local governments take advantage of the policy characteristics of small loans, blindly carry out some achievements projects, and guide farmers to carry out some less assessment of the production and management projects. And farmers are earned, and can not afford to pay, once
40、 the project fails, and ultimately responsible for these loans only rural credit cooperatives, rural credit cooperatives for funds security considerations, naturally not a large number of small loans. Some rural credit cooperatives are afraid of the trouble, convenience, the farmers' credit inve
41、stigation, rating and loan card issued a series of work are dependent on the village cadres, village cadres is easy to cause the loan or grant interception favor lending, thus affecting the normal operation of microfinance loans, increase the risk of loans.(three) the abuse of interest rate control;
42、China's deposit and loan interest rates are still strictly controlled by the state, the RMB deposit rate is entirely made by the state, while commercial banks and credit cooperatives lending rates can only fluctuate within the prescribed range. In recent years, the central bank approved the micr
43、ofinance company, the loan interest rate has been liberalized, but also was controlled within four times the benchmark rate, low interest rates, the intention is to benefit more people with low incomes, improve their repayment ability, but the practice proves that the effect is not ideal. This restr
44、icted range, rather than through the market to determine the level of interest rates, will conflict with the market, when interest rates make most microfinance institutions charge interest rates cannot compensate for operating costs, will be active against the development of microfinance. In fact, l
45、ow interest rates on microcredit often make low-income groups at a disadvantage, and funds are often acquired by some kind of power. Interest rate regulation can neither compensate for the operation cost of micro credit business, nor benefit the principal part of micro credit service deeply.Three, s
46、ome suggestions to promote the commercial development of micro creditThe development of foreign microfinance experience also shows that individual microfinance institutions generally require 5 years to 8 years to achieve the sustainable development stage; only after a certain number of microfinance
47、institutions to achieve sustainable development stage, the government will consider the need to regulate the development, management and support of microfinance specialized microfinance regulations. Since the beginning of the introduction of microcredit in China, only 10 years have passed since the
48、beginning of the pilot, and the process of China's microfinance has not yet been completed. In order to promote the healthy development of microfinance and increase the loan opportunities of poor farmers, it is suggested that more policy space be given to microfinance institutions.(1) lowering t
49、he access threshold for micro credit institutions;Although our country has formed the formal financial institutions, non-governmental organizations, microfinance institutions coexist, but the size of credit is less common, and some distribution in specific areas, micro credit supply and competition
50、is insufficient. Most microfinance institutions do not absorb deposits and lend only loans, and their systemic risks are limited. Then this kind of financial activities can be done by natural persons. We suggest that we should further reduce the various standards of micro credit access, such as reducing t