《最新语言学中的名词解释总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新语言学中的名词解释总结.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、精品文档:Chapter 1: Introduction!1. Linguistics: L in guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.2. general linguisticsThe study of Ian guage as a whole.3. applied linguisticsihe application of linguistic theories and principles to Ianguage teaching, especially the teach ing o
2、f foreig n and sec ond Ian guages.4. prescriptive: If lin guistic study aims to lay dow n rules for“ correct and sta ndardusing Ianguage, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptivel： If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the
3、Ianguage people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic studd:The description of Ianguage at some point of time in history is asyn chro nic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study|:lt ' s a historical study of Ianguage,it studies the historical development of Ian guage over a p
4、eriod of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of Iangue in actual use.10. competence The ideal user ' s knowledge of the rules of his Iangu©8e/09C) linguistic compet
5、ence: ni versally found in the grammars of all huma n Ian guages,s yn tactic rules comprise the system of intern alized lin guistic kno wledge of a Ian guage speakecompetence有 什么区别？11. performance : The actual realizati on of this kno wledge in lin guistic com muni cati on.12. language : La nguage i
6、s a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.13. design features Desig n features refer to the defi ning properties of huma n Ian guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on.14. arbitrar in essl Arbitrari ness refers to there is no logical connec
7、tion betwee n meanings and sou nds.(08C)15. productivity: Lan guage is creative in that it makes possible the con struct ion andinterpretation of new signals by it' s users.16. duality (double articulation) : Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meanin
8、gless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement:La nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission:The capacity for Ianguage is genetically based while the details of any Ianguage system hav
9、e to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by in sti net).19.Sociolinguisticsthe study of all social aspects of Ianguage and its relation with society from the core of the bran ch.20. Psycholinguisticsthe study of Ian guage process ing, comprehe nding and product ion
10、, as well as Ian guage acquisiti on.21. communicative competences e ability to use Ian guage appropriately in social situati ons.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium :The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in humancom muni catio n con stitute the phon etic medium of Ian guage.(a nd the in
11、dividual sounds withinthis range arespeech sounds2. phonetics l:The study of phonic medium of Ian guage and it is concerned with all sounds in the world ' s Ianguages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics |:lt studies sounds from the speaker' s point of view, i.e. how a speakeruses his speech orga
12、 ns to articulate the soun ds. (03)4. auditory phonetics:The studies sounds fron the hearer ' s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phoneticslt studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.或者 It studies the way sounds tra
13、vel by looking at the sound waves,the physical means bywhich sounds are tran simitted through the air from one pers on to ano ther)6. voicing:the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voicelessthe way that sounds are produced with no vibrati on of the vocal cords.8. b
14、road transcription: The use of letter symbols on ly to show the sounds or sounds seque ncesin written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of soun ds
15、.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any Ianguage.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstr
16、uction is created.14. place of articulation :The place where obstruction is created.15. consonants speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong :the in dividual vowe
17、l.18. diphthong The vowel which con sists of two in dividual vowels and are produced bymoving one vowel positi on to ano ther through in terve ning positi on s.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic com muni cati on are all phon es.20. phoneme :A n ab
18、stract pho no logical unit that is of dist in ctive value;itted by a ' s represe ncerta in phone in a certa in phon etic con text. (06F/ 04)或者 The smallest unit of sound in a Ianguage which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone the differe nt phones which can represe nt the same phon eme in d
19、iffere nt phon eticen virome nts are called alloph ones of that phon eme (07C/ 05)22. phonology l:The description of sound systems of particular Ianguages and how sounds formpatter ns and function to dist in guish and con vey meanin g.(06C)23. phonemic contrast two pho netically similar sounds occur
20、 in the same en vir onment anddist in guish meanin g,they form phon emic con trast.24. complementary distribution :allophones of the same phoneme and they don' t distinguishmeaning but compleme nt each other in distributi on.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except
21、 forone sound segme nt which occurs in the same positi on.26. sequential rules:The rules to govern the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage.27. assimilation rule:The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.2
22、8. deletion rule:The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represe nted.29. supraseamental feature&T he phon emic features that occur above the level of thesegme nts(syllable, word, senten ce),i ncludi ng stress tone inton ati on .(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch varia
23、tions, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolatio n, they' re collectively nown as in ton atio n.32. nucleus:lt refers to the major pitch cha nge in an inton
24、 ati on un it.32. minimal set sound comb in ati ons which are ide ntical in form except for the in itial consonant together con stitute a mini mal set.Chapter 3: Morphology1. morphology:A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formatio n.2. open clasSA
25、group of words, which contains an un limited nu mber of items, and new words can be added to it constantly.(08C)3. closed classA group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members,i nclud ing conjunctions ,prepositi ons ,pronoun s.etc.4. morpheme: The smallest unit of m
26、eaning of a Ianguage. It can not be divided without altering or destro ying its meaning.5. affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which changes the meaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6. suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a wo
27、rd, and which usually changes the part of speech of a word.7. prefix: The affix, which is added to the begi nning of a word, and which usually cha nges the meaning of a word to its opposite.8. bound morpheme:Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be combined wit others. E.g. -ment.9. free
28、morphemea morpheme that can sta nd alone as a wor(.07F)10. derivational morpheme: Bo und morpheme, which can be added to a stem to form a new word.11. inflectional morpheme|：A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as number, tense and case.(but never change their synt
29、actic category).(08F)12. morphological rules:The ways words are formed. These rules determ ine how morphemes comb ine to form words.13. compound words A comb in ati on of two or more words, which functions as a si ngle words14. inflection the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical
30、modificatio n to in dicate such grammatical categories as nu muber,te nse or pluarity. (04)15. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word.Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of lin guistics that studies how words
31、 are comb ined to form senten ces and the rules that gover n the formatio n of senten ces.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular Ian guage such as a senten ce, a noun phrase or a verb.3. syntactic categoriesWords can be group
32、ed together into a relatively small nu mber of classes, called syn tactic categories.4. major lexical category :one type of word level categories, which ofte n assumed to be the heads around which phrases are built, in cludi ng N, V, Adj, and Prep.5. minor lexical category:one type of word level cat
33、egories, which helps or modifies major lexical category.6. phrase: syn tactic un its that are built around a certa in word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.7. phrase categorythe phrase that is formed by comb ining w
34、ith words of differe nt categories.( In En glish syn tactic an alysis, four phrasal categories are NP, VP, PP, AP.)8. head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9. specifier:The words on the left side of the heads and attached to the top levelare said to function as specifiers.10. co
35、mplement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.11. phrase structure ruleThe special type of grammatical mecha nism that regulates the arra ngeme nt of eleme nts that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.12. XP rule: In all phrases, the specifier is attached at the to
36、p level to the left of the head while the complement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized as an XP rule, in which X stands for the head N,V,A or P.13. XA theory: A theoretical con cept in tran sformatio nal grammar which restricts the form of con text-free phrases structure
37、 rules.14. coordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more eleme nts of the same type with the help of a conj un cti on (such asand or or. Such phe nomenon is known as coordi nati on.)15. subcategorizatiod:The information about a word ' s complement is included in the head and te
38、rmed suncategorization. (07C)16. complementizerl:Words which introduce the sentence complement are termedcompleme ntizer.(08F/09C)17. complement clauseT he sentence in troduced by the compleme ntizer is called a compleme nt clause.18. complement phrasethe eleme nts, i ncludi ng a compleme ntizer and
39、 a compleme nt clause is called a compleme nt phrase.19. matrix clause:the contrusction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.20. modifier: the eleme nt, which specifies opti on ally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.21. transformation : a special type o
40、f rule that can move an eleme nt from one positi on toano ther.22. inversion :the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a positi on to the left of the subject, is called in versi on.23. Do insertion : In the process of formi ng yes -no questi on that does not c
41、on tai n an overt Infl,in terrogative do is in serted in to an empty Infl posit on to make tran sformati on work.24. deep structured level of abstract syntactic representation formed by the XP rule inaccordanee with the heads' s subcategorization properties.(08F)25. surface structure l:Corresp o
42、nding to the final syn tactic form of the sentence which result from appropriate tran sformatio ns. (05)26. Wh question :In En glish, the kind of questi ons beg inning with a wh- word are called wh questio n.27. Wh movement The tran sformatio n that will move wh phrase from its positi on in deep str
43、ucture to a positi on at the beg inning of the sen ten ce. This tran sformatio n is calledh moveme nt.28. move a : general rule for all the movement rules, where alpha is a cover term foe aeleme nt that can be moved from one place to ano ther.补充29. universal grammar: the inn ate ness prin ciples and
44、 properties that perta in to the grammars of all huma n Ian guages第 十章30. structural analysis:to inv estigate the disti ncti on of forms eg.morphemesin a Ian guage.31C analysis: how small comp onents in senten ces go together to form larger con stitue nts.32. paradigmatic relation: the substitutiona
45、l relation between a set of linguistic items,thatis, lin guistic forms can be substitued for each other in the same posit on.33. syntagmatic relation:the relati on betwee n any lin guisticeleme nts which are simulta neously present in a structure.34.immidiate constituent analysis直接成分分析法 )is the tech
46、nique of breaking up sentences into word groups by making successive binary cutt ings un til the level of sin gle words is reached.35. endocentric construction：向心结构或内心结构 )One construction whose distribution is function ally equivale nt, or approach ing equivale nee, to one of its con stitue nts. The
47、 typical En glish en doce ntric con struct ions are noun phrases and adjective phrase(03)36. exocentric construction离心结构或外心结构 )the opposite of endocentriccon structio n,refers to a group of syn tactically related words where none of the words is fun ctio nally equivale nt to the whole group. Most co
48、n structi ons are exoce ntric.Chapter 5: Semantics1. semantics:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2. Semantic triangle It is suggested by Odgen and Richards, which says that the meaning of a word is not directly lin ked betwee n a lin guistic form and the object in the real worl
49、d, but through the mediati on of con cept of the mind.3. sense Sense is concerned with the in here nt meaning of the lin guistic form. It is the collecti on of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictio nary compilers are in terested in.4. reference : Reference means wha