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1、,Rebecca,TOEFL iBT SPEAKING托福口语TASK4,Task 4,General introduction: An integrated task reading listening speaking Academic subject but no prior knowledge of any academic field are required,Reading (75-100 words and will disappear after; 40-45 to read) Listening (conversation on same topic with picture
2、; 1-1.5 to listen) Speaking (combine info. in two sources; no personal ideas 30 to prepare & 60 to speak),Task 4,1. Reading section (the foundation for listening and answering ),What to read in T4:A concept of a general principle and specific examples;OR A problem and respects about it/ ways to
3、solve it.,带着一个“概念是什么，现象是什么”的想法来阅读,Academic subject sciences & arts, 多为日常生活中的人文、科学常识。难度适中。1. life science（生命科学）:the study of living organisms, such as biology, medicine, or ecology. potentiality ; how to store food 2. social science（社会科学）: the study of human society.perception 3. physical science
4、（自然科学）: the study of the nature and nonliving matter, such as physics, chemistry, or geology.secondary ecological succession（二级生态演替） 4. humanity（人文科学）: the study of human thought and culture, such as philosophy, literature, and art.visual elements ; movie,Academic subject sciences & arts,题目出现的比例
5、：最多为人文科学( 60%以上)社会学和生命学中等(20%左右)自然科学极少 (less than 10%),Reading example 1,One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-changing and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverage of all descriptions. But a
6、s with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure.,Reading example 1,One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-changing and pleasure-givi
7、ng practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverage of all descriptions. But as with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure.,D
8、esires : mood-changing + pleasure-givingeg. drinking over not 人人 accept,cautions,根据上下文猜测生词！（context）1.抓住文中认识的尤其是认识的主要动词，据此来推断周围的生词的大意。2.例推法: 根据文章中的例子来推其前面的重要词汇。3.比较连接词, 推断前后信息. Although, by, including, when, so that 读通文意比记笔记更重要！重要信息一般出现在signal words之后！,2. Listening section (additional info. for answ
9、ering ),What to listen in T4:A brief lecture in which a professor gives more examples or details.,cautions,根据信号词推断逻辑和次重点！1. one, another, first, second, next, generally（结构）2. essential, important, key, main, necessary, primary, significant, especially （次重点）3. cause, consequence, effect, example, pro
10、blem, reason, result, characteristic, feature, function, idea, point, quality . （重点细节） 抓大意在先，探细节在后。不要在小词上纠缠 有听不懂的关键名词，记下模糊发音或用代号,听的时候，带着“老师用什么例子来进行说明”这个问题去听,3. Speaking section(combine info. in 2 sources; no personal ideas ),What to speak in T4:描述阅读材料中涉及的概念（如果没有，自己总结）解释听力材料中的例子 听力听得较好可以选择不回答阅读内容（互补）
11、,General format,The lecture is about + 授课主题, referring to + 主题定义 10 The professor gives the example of + 具体内容（1/2点） 50In the first example, he states that./First of all, he points out that.(The second point is that./ The professor also says that.),Case study 1,Narrator Now read the passage about soc
12、ial interaction. You have 45 seconds to read the passage. Begin reading now.,Explanation,Notes for reading,social interac: influ. on beha. presence of others affect eg. audience effects affected if know they r visible/watched,Narrator Now listen to part of a talk in a sociology class. The professor
13、is discussing audience effects.,Notes of listening,Interaction: impact on behav.Know being watched perform speed 1. Tie shoes with laces2. Learn new things: typing But, more mistakes,When the dialogue ended, the picture of the students will be replaced by the following:,The question will then appear
14、 on your computer screen and will also read by the narrator.,整理笔记，最终开口,T(according to the reading): audience effects affected if they know being watchedExample 1: tying shoes, 1 group knew, type faster, 1 not. Example 2: learning to type faster, but mistakes,The principle of audience effects is that
15、 individuals performance is affected by the knowledge that others are watching them. The professor uses examples of tying shoes and learning to type to demonstrate that we actually increase our speed of performing if we know that we are being observed. In the example of tying shoes, one group of col
16、lege students was told that they were being observed, the other didnt know they were being observed. The students who knew they were being watched tied their shoes much faster than the other group. And in the example of learning to type, when we are conscious of being observed, we will increase typi
17、ng speed. We type faster than we do alone. Also, other behavioral pattern will increase, like making mistakes. So when we type faster when we know we are being observed, we also make more mistakes.,示范回答,Sample answer 1,In this lecture, the professor gives two examples to illustrate the principles of
18、 audience effects.One of them is tying shoes, and the other one is how to type. So in the experiment where two groups to tie their shoes, The first group were said they were be observed, The other one was not told so. The first group that they knew they would be observed tied their shoes faster; and
19、 the other one slower. In the second example; activities such as learning typing; again when people are conscious they are being observed they type faster. However, they tend to make more mistakes as well. So the suggestion is to practice new activities alone in order to reduce mistakes,Speak clearl
20、y and fluently. Show a good command over grammar and vocabulary. State very clearly and logically the concept and two examples.,Topic 段: T1 OK, so we said that the way we interact with others has an impact on our behavior. In fact, theres some interesting research to suggest that in one type of inte
21、raction - when were being observed specifically, when we know were being watched as we perform some activity - we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity.,分组：标准？,Reason段： R1,In one study, college students were asked to each put on a pair of shoes-shoes with laces they would have
22、 to tie. Now one group of students was told that they would be observed. The second group, however, didnt know they were being observed. The students who were aware that they were being watched actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who thought they were alone. Other studies confirm
23、 the same is true even when were learning new activities.,差别：特征？,Lets say someone is learning a new task - for example, learning how to type. When theyre conscious of being observed, theyll likely begin typing at a much faster rate than they would if they were alone. But, and this is interesting, th
24、e study also showed that certain common behavior- things people typically do, like.making mistakes when youre learning something new that behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words, when were learning to type, and we know were being watched, well type faster but well also make more mista
25、kes.,Reason段： R2,Homework,Sampling errorOften, students or employees will be asked to draw a conclusion from a huge amount of data. Thats when a sample is introduced. When a sample is accurate, it can represent the whole group. But when it is wrong, sampling error would occur. In statistics, samplin
26、g error or estimation error is caused by observing a single sample instead of the whole population. Sampling error can be found by subtracting the value of a parameter from the value of a statistic. Generally, there are two methods of reducing sampling error: increasing the sample size, and ensuring
27、 that the sample can adequately represent the entire population.,Narrator Now listen to a lecture on this topic in a statistics class.,When the dialogue ended, the picture of the students will be replaced by the following:,The question will then appear on your computer screen and will also read by the narrator.,