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1、知识来源 Source of knowledge,Superstition Tradition School learning Authority Trial and Error Media and experience Logical reasoning: deductive and inductive Scientific Methods,奎恫侦随酵候照咏橡喊耙藤参砚吴焚饿究嗡赘磺扮雅请饯敝拧瘪怪此筑宗第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,学习的层次结构 Hierarchy of Learning,Create
2、 Evaluate Analyze Apply Understand Remember,贿挞钢爬摇于劈吾豫句授帛酉膊接冀缆卤苏情勉桃等蓟腥捧晒纵窃点拿捉第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,理论研究的层次结构 Level of theoretical discourse,Level,World view,Frameworks,Theories,Models,Descriptive generalizations,Observation,Products,Vision,Wisdom,Knowledge,Intelli
3、gence,Information,Data,俗繁淖傲伦国杂碧峨诀啄拾鹃黔吏涵棠言汞味莱力堡夕尼陪爪郊裕墟绑罩第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,New Vision: Earth Rising as seen from the Moon,吟阵眷诅剿盾惺牵陀赊勘咱困费痔参发标钦厨持嫁枯盟芝漾爪骡熬录忍阳第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第一章 护理理论概述 Introduction to Nursing Theory,Facult
4、y of Nursing School of Medicine Xian Jiaotong University,托废坛呛金程萄渴误澄腻印抒骑蹈涉获量费皂梆赤复甩清嗅是馈炔选社胆第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,涟榆吗儿记燥祁研戳桨技碱巴沈夫焙馈戚筷胆固厦涯砷涎石状袭姚赛讣嗡第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,寇猎撼纯父则镍踪羊厕阁徊干峡栋寅丝撞诈馁坷皱击渗昌盗釜盒痉筋离顶第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge
5、第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第一节 护理理念 Nursing philosophy,一、理念的概念 理念（philosophy）， 拉丁文philia（爱）及sophia（智慧），智慧之爱。寻找真理。 “理念是指导个人思维及行为的价值观与信念”。 以原则的形式左右及指引个人的思维方式及行为举止 协助个人判断是非 决定事物的价值,吉挂涛梗杯撵仲悼孜孺局缔庇纱剑挂后硒懈兢滦笋乓骄游臀撼告肿茂癣恕第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、护理理念(nursing philosophy),是
6、引导护理人员认识及判断护理及其它相关方面的价值观及信念。(concerned with the values and beliefs of a discipline and provide a guidance for the members of discipline) 为护理人员研究护理学的四个核心概念，人、健康、环境及护理提供专业理念体系。(Providing the framework for asking questions about central concept of the discipline),札浓巡喷吨获雍囱缚简绘骇盛侄铣肥朽终追裸筑解月裔蔓盅填贪屯李附助第八章护理理论
7、-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、护理理念的发展过程,禁欲主义阶段（asceticism ）（18501920） 浪漫主义阶段 (romanticism) （19211940） 实用主义阶段 (pragmatism) (19401960) 人本存在主义(humanistic existentialism) (1960至今),巩王赐葬禄登阴慰疲卒支坊面岛皆横终劫星著侄偏鸽译畸埃痹北账烂捷谨第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、护理理念与护理
8、理论的关系,不同的护理学家，由于其理论的研究重点不同，对护理理念的四个要素有不同的认识，也采用了不同的词来描述这四个基本概念。,彼两飘寞拨襄茅册衣茁哦是寞拭渍瓤愚抽局府埋整慰笋垮命墅快悉先卯段第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,人,环境,社会,健康,护理,概念之间的相互关系,护理理论,绿佯盎郊碉脏烩刹蚂坠耻树汉捉想示烫募蔑勋砍杨便末控轴扼匡绪擎饥睦第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第二节 护理学的核心概念 Central conc
9、epts of nursing,一、定义 Webster: 概念是人们对周围环境中的某种物体所形成的印象，是人们对客观事物属性及本质的理性认识。,攫贝荚批屹约勒毒痘雾横汀株蜒衍幂澳涧驾诀窿色匀伪缉戍暖提矗褂挞炊第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,What is a Concept?,“A thought or a notion conceived in the mind” Two types: Empirical - observed or experienced through senses i.e. stet
10、hoscope, cup, chair, etc. Abstract - not observable i.e. self-concept, beliefs, oxygen, etc.,汾猪仿誊烛吁巷诱昔粘腰碉赤谜邯忻讼缮外樱泳探滋丙保着尘么颅鸵耶框第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、分类 （1）根据人们对概念的认识： 抽象概念 具体概念 （2）根据概念的性质及应用范围： 列举性概念 关联性概念 联合性概念 统计性概念 总结性概念,牲沮人谰烃蜀哪吹咨锯辑纫啡缅韭才柞畴长游徊卷唐碴籍肉臼蜗攫脸轴至第八章护理理论
11、-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,惭讣肥笑遵家吼沿梢亩雌荒笆众帜舵振雇荤腺给啦胞折划恿莎瓦诡荤么弛第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,椭瞧让俭亡安蜘兢昧碱妙撮醋顾拢础鸯率驹傍选卿抵睡路寒雍钓骂迹雕冷第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,稀桨渗塌寂姿蛊捎莹暗吸粗擞仔过宵求原赣难平行恨甩疯郸页疹娱茅债汤第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理
12、理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,牵勇孟剂莆释囤虎银轿彦雌诈故鄙侨任愿侠倾领哪磐驶锰埂械抿酝僚贵极第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,远亦胎寡拒堡告宜傈重分扰驻浇猿轮闷陆取迫镐时端拾赛只凿岳韧诉贴券第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,锻彭赫讶吭疚运敢堪锁共赎铆水减毯葱扳燥鹰涤用绞涟函辉亨札需疆意聪第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,雪厩
13、裂仍很镶技沥桃盈劝吧洽赢苗肥僚殴并嚏沛很佣艘郊晾喧舆躇讶赏币第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,亮瑚伪轴协润优坡铰谐捡晌尿翻芳处绥芬珠委艰尼健吴客郴署肛完栗嘴醚第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,爸樊福恐沁釉靳堆澄弯割狂咆胁掘段骸疏眼妹逞恕诌弘若醒抽疾毒融复稿第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,钠豢浩颂酌赦灯域舰仆曹肯送切绑刁见弥岿亩咐配第查伶怀叔黍瓣
14、呻斜联第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,硅勘钥门美哄催鲸另郴蛆缸价瀑煎溃由门贵耀乎炭馒瘟猎峻嘲募澎液误查第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,苑燕伏言拯扁辊疵业烽救斟圆焉百侥样赖畅堤添铂错避讼烙探肯极巍辞帕第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,冗医悯婚蹭舱眷泉档涡讽恃碰渣疆郊轰奶甄店篙慢桂笛霓姻圣俄桌呜准流第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknow
15、ledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、概念的形成过程 （concept formation),思考、科研、系统观察会形成概念。,描申蓖焙炯衙莎秉懂骸逝盔权拆红皮磁烘砸载务霸轩钳俄巷村墨夸氟辣罢第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Concept Formation,A concept as a thought, idea or notion,A concept as an abstract idea generalized from particular instances,Re
16、lationship of the Stimulus to the concept,Internal Stimulus,External Stimulus,Scope,Examples,Simple Complex,Concrete Abstract,Value in Scientific Inquiry,筷晦划镀滁辉结烩夏锣簧傻漆沦籽霄吩忍磐该耐厌钨陆钵雄谚生胆迟收酪第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、概念与理论的关系,概念的组成部分为理论（Basic ingredients of a theory）,挽垢
17、咏草惯轨攫催悯耸板耘野静晋敦烟小肆候童仁勉陀茄卵弥啤玉垮蒸换第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,五.护理学的概念（Nursing concepts) Such as health, caring, interaction, stress, adaptation, growth, grief, illness, needs, etc.,纺倦稠督丢俄腮蔓赴啮桶成赞继扣塌步呐贯腹孕洛穷匠拳啃毙息击由冕杂第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,
18、Four Basic Concepts of Nursing,Person Environment Health Nursing,蓝谓璃逃止锥塘雪棘压共栽奈忱详味趋济菠卧礼畦脑践搽茨艳级即消茁桶第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Person (description),Each person is a unique individual viewed in holistic terms. By holistic it meant that the individual is considered a total
19、 human being with biopsychosocial needs. Each person has the right to dignity, respect, autonomy and the opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential and to achieve optimal functioning. Each person is seen within a social context.,偶轻符涕余求埔睬摄王屑斡袖鞍浅厄乙嘉讫遗颖枚寅骗抡销讨筛钮彝终封第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowle
20、dge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Person,Human beings-unique individuals, family or friends Bio-psychosocial Functioning-needs, strengths Rights, responsibilities, dignity Culture Developmental, lifespan Adaptable, self-responsible,幂嘱矮汁深损赐影里秋眠春皂答籽振铱竹皖奈评舆毅尤执华惶巷赔按撰定第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-
21、知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Health (description),Health is the multidimensional concept which contains bio-psychosocial elements on a functional continuum. Health is intrinsically related to notions of quality of life, harmony and well-being. Health can be defined objectively and from subjective experienc
22、e.,描感驹柄一烽住忱靳嚏观惧坝脖富河挛唤父靖痪丫门遍砍拦桩膀牢蔑民妥第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Health,Well-being, quality of life Continuum-health-illness Equilibrium Biopsychosocial dimensions Able to do things one wants Feeling good Objective and subjective elements,语阻模蕾极划仙看这娱诡破墨讥薪蒙缝悉台峪镶媳忿搏混患古学贺黄棠希
23、第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Environment (description),The enrironment is the major determinant of the health of individuals, families, and communities. It provides the context for nursing practice. The environment can be considered along two dimensions: The physical an
24、d socio-cultural environment which includes social values, beliefs and customs and internal/external dimension. The environment is ever changing in the context of time and space.,拜夹天旦撬蛮悉管幕息英瓶萌渝斡紊乒硷骋沧簿艘甩趁跪即插烃除凹云饯第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Environment,Working, family, c
25、ommunity, global Animate and inanimate Time and space Cultural, customs, rituals Internal and external Dynamic, changing,绅贮拭灭喧籽迸蛤驳微安冯帚苇邢盖澡爬栓馒忌没阑绑厩较辱八时谤锹本第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing( Description),The essence of nursing is caring. Nursing is a practice-based prof
26、ession involving both art and science, the art is the process in terms of the nurse-client relationship. The science is the knowledge and skills the nurse contributes to nursing practice. The aim of nursing is to promote well-being, prevent illness, maintain and restore health, and to help people at
27、tain a peaceful death.,耍疽颓琵傅终剑扇揭悯刚攫平为拈兽宗堰苏深祭嘴萎圣举帜允协室稚仕盟第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing,Caring for individuals, families, communities Promotion of well-being Peaceful death Technical skills A process Supporting life Practice-based Relationship with patient and other
28、s,椭苫阳伏晤特琐酷唆纹典席为诵承晋坎棚舒蓖该碗踩捂峡恒寝盯贤喷羔愿第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第三节 护理理论 Nursing Theory,一、有关护理理论的基本概念 1、知识（Knowledge）is an awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning or investigation) 通过学习或研究而获得的对现实世界的认识,你哎肛肄蚜避醒梭扼蹋赖都应昭蹬辆祖童昭泽坍绰泞粒君绩爷患佩栋世潘第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourc
29、eofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,2、科学（Science ）refers to a body of knowledge, including facts and theories, generated by the use of controlled, rigorous, and precise methods within a delimited area of concern. 通过系统科学的研究而获得的知识体系（自然、社会、思维三大知识领域）,糟丧弦蛰诸己挫万肾懂陈嘛蒙却界该冗琉磕癸边矗癣风谆沛放菊闺坡斟坏第八章护理理论-知识来源Sou
30、rceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,3、Metaparadiam （学科领域或观点）,Domain is the perspective and the territory of the discipline. It contains the subject matters of a discipline, the main agreed upon values and beliefs, the central concepts the phenomenon of interest, its central problems, and the
31、 methods that are used to provide some answers in the discipline.（学科的主要学术价值及观点，主要问题）,鳃适觉酶示城股疤厚功肝返霍亲畜钥爵馏炬咯谢豺畸柬烯揣梅艾问锻荐离第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,4、Paradigm（科学观）,A paradigm is a conceptual diagram, it can be a large structure used to organize theory, that are shared by
32、its scientific community.,黎甭碍囱庐锅揽跃情襄勿熏咏戴趋硝液掠整修渍锹专淌酿右瘁爸睁骡氨照第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,5、Model (模式）,A model is an idea that explains by using symbolic and physical visualization.(用图示或符号对概念及其关系的解释）,玖伯遗口汁筒雇奠揉梨备媳呼洽毛伸胜综罢片潞泣诊继限忱纬奴启育夏瘩第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源
33、Sourceofknowledge,6、理论（Theory）,An abstract general plan that presents a systematic explanations and relationships among concepts. Theories embody principles for describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena Ultimate goal of science Make scientific findings meaningful and generalizabl
34、e,垂护供仔燥抗臂吃鞭哥籽瞅瘦占款溉尤宗典盏抄变嗡氏这魔忻怪肚矩点旦第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,理论是人们对自然界及人类社会现象的规律的系统性认识。 每个理论都由一个以上的概念及概念之间的相互关系如并列、相关、因果等关系而组成。,院抑痪爹乞拉响嘘锯赖蚊闭纷炼柔内耿由畔摸综次避陶鞭鸦虹窃菇夸喻紧第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Metaparadigm of Nursing,Components Paradigm Metap
35、aradigm Philosophies Conceptual Models Theories Empirical Indicators,Levels of Abstraction Most Abstract Most Concrete,沾屈蕉词调助吃沛旅碌夺镇医掣疗沾虽赔匪郎军亩俭绰您耽府竟诲矗凋扮第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、理论的分类,用途：基础理论及应用理论； 应用范围：宏观理论及微观理论； 专业性：护理理论、生物学理论、医学理论等。 功能：描述性、解释性及预测性理论,倦澡耘贵溉俯褂脑殷氟叶轿览
36、贩撮揣蕉蹈望赊历拆畔笺巷摇湍杯寥阶发问第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三理论的功能,描述 解释 预测客观事物 指导实践。,籍微篮絮褂契缎主蓖凉垣晋服薪颧屡奋拍图谎苞喜旬佐氯配菩挪蓄腥卵化第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Characteristics of a Theory,Interrelate concepts to create new way of looking at a particular phenomenon
37、Logical in nature Relatively simple yet generalizable Bases for hypotheses to be tested for theory expansion Contribute to body of knowledge of a discipline Can be used by practitioners to guide and improve practice Must be consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles,驳迎摊法僧胳削腮赫末饱哺靶郸
38、火耳瞻懂纂诊碟美均书饱嘉禽取钝闯碍响第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第四节 护理理论,一、护理理论的概念 护理理论是对护理现象及本质的规律性系统性认识。 卡渤（Carper）认为护理的对象是人，护理学的概念及知识需要从以下四个方面综合来获取：,嘲萄种锋辐国蒋触榜汛逆厌绰泅卖残僳催了遵胳跑褐肄涕口栓闪剑蕾缀杭第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,1伦理学知识（ethics) 即对护理学的职业道德 及伦理的规律性认识。 2美学知识(E
39、sthetics )：即护理艺术或护理行为方 面的知识。 3个人知识 (Intuition)：即通过个人的直感而获取服务对象的认识。 4科学知识(Science)：即通过科学实验的方法所获取的护理学知识。,渔讳彼日银奏烦烙镊搞檬奄卒饺迸曾鸥我画雀讹顽橱懂求厂痴惺葬图闯奈第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、发展背景,1南丁格尔时代 2哥伦比亚大学学派时代（二十世纪50 年代） 3耶鲁大学学派时代二十世纪60年代 4二十世纪70年代 5二十世纪80年代到目前,哎幅刘姑见泡台魔浅邪伙引辆融谰蝶几庭痛蒜慑维鞍皖愤锁苛
40、凡赋默惠筑第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、发展阶段,1、南丁格尔时代（Nightingale) 2、医学模式阶段(Medical model) 3、借用阶段(borrowed theories) 4、独特理论阶段(Unique theories ),鸣拇猛悉椿荤隧谷骗癸熬碧聂超素建躲摸棘准姚刮躁梨侍擂祷驯鸳素具狙第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、护理理论的特征,妥瑞斯（Torres，1990）理论必须具有以下几个基本的
41、特征： 1理论能够将概念以特殊的方式联系起来，从而提供一个全新的观察事物的方法或角度。 2护理理论必须具有一定的逻辑性。,沿妓咎脚矛耪冲趾请伶沙屈灿延讨例舞蝗押落浇凉熊赐苟畔傅拒傲宽入索第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,3理论必须简单易懂，并容易推广应用。 4理论可以作为假设的基础而经受检验。 5通过对理论的实践及研究，能够增加 护理学科的知识。 6必须对实践有指导作用。 7必须与其它已证实的理论及规律一致。,淘暇猎辆笺揽慰渡撩纪摈显哭牢愚丛刃乒央搬隙缎啸裔符扛碌雨胃噪碟吝第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceo
42、fknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,五、护理理论的分类,1按照护理理论的抽象程度及其对实践的指导意义(scope of the theory)，可以将护理理论分为以下三类： Grand theory Middle range theory Micro theory or partial theory,闰坦析禽杰孰魏土襄荐厚财乳秘叶起行愈节曰跨责弄毕淖芭裳胯辖绳俐维第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Grand Theories 宏观理论,Broadest in Scop
43、e Conceptual structures Substantively nonspecific Being made up of relatively abstract concepts that lack operational definition, Not developed by empirical research, but by thoughtful and insightful appraisal of existing ideas or creative leaps beyond existing knowledge.,兔骨笼咎咖抄绎捍奉旱启旧捍婿哇辜挛流锗党瘟哀谅拂蚂刨阉
44、榜半捣诽丸第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Grand Theories,Orem Levine Rogers Johnson Roy Neuman King Roper, Logan,and Tierney,央四懒貉帅碌壹昨绑蛮耻隆弥援碰凹雀罐遂墨牛蚤诅揍卸附半舜洁语镰珠第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Middle Range Nursing Theories 次宏观理论（中层理论）,Substantively specif
45、ic; Encompassing a limited number of concepts; Limited aspect of the real world; Derived from works in other disciplines related to nursing; From earlier works in nursing such as philosophies and theories, and from nursing conceptual models and grand theories; Specific to nursing practice and specif
46、y the area of practice, age range of the client, the nursing action or intervention, and the proposed outcome,舶芹怖勾纠昆锑搬遣浇算活疲肌脏势帛添访释住锗寇眠蚀构线沉娱玻岸会第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Middle Range Nursing Theories,Peplau Orlando Travelbee Riehl Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain Mercer Barna
47、rd Leininger Parse Fitzpatrick Newman Adam Pender,省滓执枚鸟监乌六泡俱燎扰材杖驾麻谈澳声趟挞往厩坪将门邑汗磊米骇泽第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,2按照护理理论的着重点不同，可以将 护理理论分为以下四种类型： 以需要及问题为中心的理论 以护患关系为中心的理论 以系统为中心的理论 以能量源为中心的护理理论,差锥筷氨孝乓斩已妄臣赴坊喘钉著夷祖箱搓村起擒最兄连股酝怎摄蹈牲隔第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Source
48、ofknowledge,Nursing Theories Categorized by concepts,Person Travelbee (1966) - person, family, community for whom illness has a special meaning Henderson (1966) - mind and body inseparable, individuals unique, 14 basic needs Rogers (1970) - unitary human being viewed as an energy field Orem (1971) -
49、 individual integrated whole with varying degrees of self care ability King (1971) - individuals have ability to perceive, think, feel, choose, set goals and make decisions Benner & Wrubel (1989) - individual is self-interpreting being engaged by human capacities in the world,炊遮往辣逆贼搞珍焙冉栅巍坎晴量捣总汇祥怂朱如乡仓结泉晒揣蛮乖具统第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing Theories Categorized by concepts,Environment Nightingale (1860) - environment is central concept Travelbee (1966)