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1、.Intro: The conclusion endorsed in the argument is that. To support this, the author first point out that. Furthermore, he also assumes that. The argument appears to be convincing to some extent at first sight; however, further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some doubtful assumpt
2、ion and the reasoning is depend on the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of evidence provided to justify the conclusion. Conclusion: In summary, convincing as it appears to be at first glance, the argument is unpersuasive as the line of reasoning of the author contains several critical logical
3、 fallacies. To make this claim more tenable, the author would have to demonstrate that. Additionally, it is necessary to provide concrete evidence as well to solidify the conclusion.PART ONE LOGICAL FALLACY1. Scope &AnalogyMisapplied generalizationThe author assumes thatis based on the assumptio
4、n that 大范围 applies specifically to 小。Or the most noticeable error in this argument is that the author uses evidence pertaining to a general group on the basis of a particular B. Even if the reasoning may be sound in general sense, the particular situation in which B is involved may not be representa
5、tive of the entire general group. Just as likely .特殊例外。If this is the case, the claim that is ill founded/ limited evidence.False analogyThe argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B. In order for B serve as the model for A, the author need assume that all relevant circumstanc
6、es involving these two are essentially the same. Furthermore, the differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. Thus, we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence 2. Causal relationshi
7、pA. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc & cum hoc, ergo propter hoc 先后发生&同时出现This argument commits a fallacy of.The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B / A coincided with B, which is not sufficient to establish a causal relationship between them. Moreover, many other reasons- could
8、just as likely account for B, which should be taken into consideration.(Unless all other potential causes have been analyzed and ruled out, we could never safety conclude that)The authors failure to consider and eliminate other possible explanation for B renders the conclusion highly suspect.B. Caus
9、al oversimplification 单一原因忽略他因The author has focused merely on A, which has limited evidence to support the simplified cause.A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focused. . Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is pres
10、umptuous for the author to claim that A solely determined B.C. Correlation to causationThe argument relies on an unproven cause- and-effect relationship between A and B. The mere fact that.is somewhat correlated with is insufficient to establish.It would be hasty and irresponsible to jump into the c
11、onclusion that.D. Reverse Causality The author has confused with the effect. Since the author fails to account for the possibility that., he claimed thatis completely unwarranted. 3. 余地A. Sufficiency necessity充分性必要性The author unfairly assumes that A is sufficient/ necessary to B.OR solution rests on
12、 the assumption thatNecessary： overlook other crucial criteria in determining B such as.Sufficient: However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, only A not adequate.B. Either orThe author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive and that there is little ground in between. A
13、nd by applying such a either or reasoning, the author actually overlooks the possibility that.Furthermore, adjusting both A and B might produce better results. In any event, the author provides no justification to impose the dilemma on the reader, which is quite hasty.C. Appeal to ignoranceThe autho
14、r made a assumption that.However, the fact that.indicates nothing about.and it is possible thatLacking further detailed information, we cannot safety conclude that4. timeliness物是人非， 时效性The argument unfairly infers that .would remain unchanged over.However, in the absence of evidence to support this
15、inference, it is just as likely that.Eg, Admittedly, had ten years elapsed the argument would be even weakerAny of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the authors conclusion that.5. 个人主观原因A. One-sidednessThe argument relies on an oversimplify reasoning that ignores the demerits/benefi
16、ts bought by It may turn out that outweigh/offset.Lacking a detailed analysis of the situation, the authors cannot be taken seriouslyOR Failure to balance the pros .against the cons will undermine the convincing power of the suggestion.B. Vested interestWe have strong reasons to question the credita
17、bility and neutrality of the survey in which the conductor has vested interest and therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.PART TWO EVIDENCE FLAW1. 选择性&代表性 methodology problemA threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group
18、as a whole is of the same characteristic. The example cited, while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant that the sample is representative of the whole group.Lacking in the information about ., it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey.Such potential issues within the evid
19、ence may portrait a distorted view of .and mislead the mass audience.2. QuantityAnother problem that seriously weakens the logic of this argument is that the survey cited is based on a too small sample to be reliable.Unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all general group, the fact th
20、atis groundless to claim that3. Loaded question, vague concept, timelinessLacking information about who conducted this survey, who responded, or when, where and how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. There is, however, no guarantee that A may be defined
21、 in other term such as C. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily due to the ignorance of other definition 开头段：Careful scrutiny of the editorial reveals numerous potential problems with it-problems that render its auther's position untenable.The speakers's argument suffe
22、rs from several reasoning flaws,which together render the argument unconvincing.For several reasons,this claim is dubious at best.Unfortunately,these facts accomplish little toward refuting the assertion that.Thus,I find the argument wholly unpersuasive.This argument relies on several crucial but un
23、substantiated assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.Unfortunately,the argument is depend on a series of poorly supported inferences and therefore is specious at best.I find this assertion dubious for several reasons.The argument suffers from several reasoning flaws and is therefore
24、unconvincing as it stands.This argument relies on a number of questionable assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.This argument suffers from several reasoning flaws, which together render the editorial wholly unconvincing.第一宗罪：无因果联系The editorial implies that.however,the editorial provides no evid
25、ence to support this implication.This argument depents on a series of four cause-and-effect relationships,none of which the author has established.The author must establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship between.and.It is unfair to infer that the former is attributable solely to the latter.He
26、re the director might very well confuse cause and effect with mere correlation.第二宗罪 Insufficient-sampleThe statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends/hardly suffice to prove a clear trend.Yet the mere fact that.does not necessarily mean that.Thus,be
27、fore I accept the editorial's conclusion,the author must show that.is representative of.第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )With respects to the first of the two facts, the author attempts here to draw what might amount to a false analogy between.and.The authors analogy to . is dubious at best
28、.第四宗罪 all things are equalThis argument suffers from a classic reasoning flaws:what is true for one member of a group is also true for that group as a whole.第五宗罪 Either-Or choiceIn short,unless the editorial's auther explores and eliminates other options,I remain unconvinced that.第六宗罪 pool/repor
29、t/survey is doubtfulA final problem with the editorial involves the possibility of additional results from the survey-results that the editorial neclects to mention.If the results turn out to be unreliable as aresult, then any conclusion based on those results must be deemed unreliable as well.The m
30、emo provides no evidence that the reports are reliable.第七宗罪 gratuitous assumptionThe speaker neglects to consider and rule out other explainations-for instance,.Without eliminating other possible reasons for .,the speaker cannot convice me that.Besides, the author ignores the possibility that.While
31、this might be the case,the author must provide clear evidence to substantiat this assumption.Yet it is entirely possible that.The argument relies on the assumpution that .让步Admitting for the sake of argument that.Even if the author can prove that.Even assuming that.作者这样不对说服不了我。Otherwise,I cannot acc
32、ept the author's inference that.Accordingly,the author's contention that.is questionable at best.Otherwise,I remain skeptical of the author's final conclution that.Until the author supplies this sort of evidence,he cannot convince me that.If this is the case, the author's implicit it
33、 claim that . would be very weak indeed.The author must first convince me that . ,not until then could I begin to consider the recommendation.Therefore,I remain unconvinced that.However, with no solid evidence to support this reasoning, the claim amounts to little more than pure conjecture.结尾措施To fu
34、lly assess the ultimate claim, I would need reliable detailed. should it follow the chair's recommendation.To bolster it, the author might conductor a scientific survey of.In order to properly evaluate it, ar a minimun,I would want to know.,and I would want to survey . about.The author must also show that the survey results are reliabl and that they accurately reflect.In order to convince me that ., the author must at least .To fully persuade me, the author must also explain why.To obtain this sort of proof, I would need to survey.*;