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1、人教版九年级化学上册第5单元化学方程式测试题及答案第五单元 化学方程式 基础过关 1. 对质量守恒定律的解释正确的是( ) A.化学反应前后原子种类不变，原子数目改变 B.化学反应前后原子种类改变，原子个数不变 C.在一切化学反应里，反应前后原子的种类没有改变，原子的数目没有增减，原子的质量也没有改变 D.在化学反应中反应物的分子数等于生成的分子数 答案:C 2. (2010江苏南通海门，10) 如下图所示，两个甲分子反应生成三个乙分子和一个丙分子，则从图示获得的信息中，不正确的是( ) A.分子的种类在化学反应中发生了改变 B.该反应的反应类型为分解反应 C.反应生成的丙物质属于单质 D.乙
2、分子中含有一个A原子，一个B原子 答案:D 3. 在A+BC+D的反应中，5 g A和一定的B恰好完全反应，生成3 g C和10 g D，则B的质量是( ) A.18 g B.7 g C.8 g D. 6 g 解析:由质量守恒定律生成的C和D的质量之和等于参加反应的A和B的质量之和。 答案:C 4. 充分加热a克氯酸钾与b克二氧化锰的混合物，留下残余固体c克，则生成氧气的质量为( ) A.(a-b)克 B.(a-b-c)克 C.(a+b-c)克 D.(a-b+c)克 答案:C 5. (2010广东肇庆，7) 下列实验装置不能用来证明质量守恒定律的是( ) 解析:若反应物或生成物有气体，验证质量
3、守恒定律时必须在密闭容器中进行。 答案:D 6. 下列各组物质，在敞口容器里发生反应，容器内物质的总质量在反应前后不变的是( ) A.镁条放入盐酸中 B.高锰酸钾固体受热分解 C.硫酸铜溶液中加入氢氧化钠溶液 D.在空气中加热铜粉 解析:镁条结合了空气中的氧;加热高锰酸钾生成了氧气;在空气中加热铜粉结合了空气中的氧气。 答案:C 7. (2010广东广州，13) 下列化学方程式书写正确的是( ) ? A.氧化汞加热分解:HgOHg+O? 2 点燃 B.铁在氧气中燃烧:3Fe+2OFeO 234 C.铝片投入稀硫酸中: Al+HSO=AlSO+H? 2442D.碳在氧气中燃烧:C+O=CO 22
4、答案:B 8. 已知反应3A+2B=2C+D，A、B两种物质完全反应时质量比为3:4，若生成C和D共140 g，则该反应消耗B的质量为( ) A.60 g B.80 g C.90 g D.120 g 答案:B 9. 加热高锰酸钾制氧气，生成氧气的质量是高锰酸钾中氧元素质量的( ) A.10% B.25% C.50% D.20% 答案:B 10. 化学反应4A+3B=2C中C的化学式可能是( ) 2A.AB B.AB C.AB D.AB 2323 23解析:根据化学反应的实质，参加反应的各物质的分子破裂成原子，原子再重新组合而生成新物质的分子。因此在所有的化学反应里，反应前后原子的种类没有改变，
5、原子的数目也没有增减。上述反应方程式中，反应前有4个A原子、6个B原子，反应后由于生成2个C分子，故每个C分子中应有2个A原子、3个B原子。 答案:D 11. 下列各项:?原子的数目;?分子的数目;?元素的种类;?物质的种类;?物质的分子个数;?各种原子的总数。在化学反应前后，肯定没有变化的是( ) A.? B.? C.? D.? 解析:物质的种类和分子的种类一定变，原子的种类、数目、质量不变，所以元素的种类也不变。 答案:D 12. 在2A，B=C，2D中，已知16 g A和9 g B恰好完全反应，生成11 g C，若要生成 7 g D物质，则参加反应的A的质量是( ) A.4 g B.8
6、g C.16 g D.2 g 解析:化学方程式中各物质的质量比等于相对分子质量与其前面化学计量数的乘积之比。 答案:B 13. 一定质量的氢气和氧气的混合气体，点燃后恰好完全反应生成15 g水，则原混合气体中氢气与氧气的质量比为( ) A.1:8 B.1:2 C.1:16 D.1:1 解析:混合气体中氢气与氧气的质量比即为氢气与氧气完全反应时的质量比。 答案:A 14. 将A物质25克、B物质5克混合加热，反应后的物质中，A仍有10克，B已完全反应，同时生成C物质11克，还有一种生成物D。则这个化学反应中，参加反应的反应物及生成物的质量比A:B:C:D为:_。 解析:应正确判断参加反应的物质和
7、生成物质的质量。 答案:15:5:11:9 能力提升 15. (2010山东威海模拟，12) 某班同学在做测定白磷燃烧前后质量变化情况实验，实验装置如下图。 (1)他们是用热玻璃管引燃的方法点燃白磷的，你还能想出其他的办法点燃白磷吗,请写出一种_。 (2)实验过程中我们可以看到瓶内的现象_。 (3)在实验过程中有三位同学的气球出现了不同的情况: 甲同学在实验过程中发现气球开始变大，然后慢慢瘪下去; 乙同学的气球被气浪冲出，他捡起气球后扎好继续做实验; 丙同学的气球却始终没有发生变化。 由此你认为谁的实验会成功,_同学。 (4)若三位同学都把称量后的锥形瓶倒立在水中，则它们的锥形瓶中都有水进入吗
8、,_的有;而且_的锥形瓶内水位最高。 (5)看到三位同学的实验结果，丁同学想:要使实验的成功率比较高，我宁愿选择不生成气体的、不与空气反应的药品，如:_和_、_和_。(请你帮他选择两组实验的药品，提示:可以填写药品的化学式，也可以填写药品的名称) 解析:可以使锥形瓶直接垫石棉网在酒精灯上加热，观察到白磷燃烧的现象。甲同学实验可能成功，丙同学所做的实验装置气密性不好。 答案:(1)可以使锥形瓶直接垫石棉网在酒精灯上加热 (2)发出黄光、生成浓厚的白烟、放出大量的热 (3)甲 (4)甲和乙 甲 (5)氢氧化钠 硫酸铜 氢氧化钠 氯化铁 16. 常用燃烧法测定有机物的组成，现取3.2 g某有机物在足
9、量氧气中充分燃烧，生成4.4 g CO和3.6g HO，则该有机物中( ) 22A.一定含有C、H两种元素，可能含有O元素 B.一定含有C、H、O三种元素 C.一定含有C、O两种元素，可能含有H元素 D.只含有C、H两种元素，不含O元素 解析:若4.4 g二氧化碳中碳元素的质量与3.6 g水中氢元素的质量恰好等于3.2 g，则该物质中只含碳、氢两元素。若小于3.2 g，该物质中除碳、氢两元素还含有氧元素。 答案:B 创新应用 17. 将25 g甲物质、5 g乙物质、10 g丙物质混合加热发生化学反应，经分析反应后混合物中含10 g甲、21 g丙，还有一种新物质丁，若甲、乙、丙、丁的相对分子质量
10、分别为30、20、44、18，并用a、b、c、d分别表示它们的化学式，则它们之间发生化学反应的方程式是( ) A.a+b=c+d B.a+2b=2c+d C.2a+b=2c+2d D.2a+b=c+2d 解析:25 g甲、5 g乙、10 g丙，混合加热后，混合物中含甲10 g，丙21 g和另一种物质丁，说明反应物中甲(消耗15 g)和乙(消耗5 g)生成丙11 g和丁:15 g+5 g-11 g=9 g，所以得反应中甲、乙、丙、丁的质量比,14:5:11:9，题中已知甲、乙、丙、丁的相对分子质量比,30:20:44:18，而根据化学方程式量的方面的意义可知，反应物与生成物的质量比等于相对分子质
11、量化学计量数之比，因而四种物质化学式前的计量数之比155119:=2:1:1:2。故选项为D。 30204418答案:D 18. 为了测定某铜锌合金的组成，某校化学课外活动小组利用该合金粉末与稀硫酸反应，进行了三次实验，所得相关的实验数据记录如下: 第一次 第二次 第三次 所取合金的质量/g 10 10 20 所用稀硫酸的质量/g 50 80 50 生成氢气的质量/g 0.2 0.2 0.2 (1)试计算该铜锌合金中锌的质量。 (2)从上表数据分析，当所取合金与所用稀硫酸的比为_时，表明合金中的锌与稀硫酸恰好完全反应。 (3)所用合金与稀硫酸恰好完全反应时所得溶液中溶质的质量分数。 解析:铜是
12、排在氢后的金属,与稀硫酸不反应，可利用铜锌合金中锌与稀硫酸反应而铜不与稀硫酸反应测出合金锌的质量。从上表数据第一次和第二次分析可知第二次稀硫酸过量，第一次和第三次分析可知第三次合金过量，所以第一次中合金与稀硫酸恰好完全发生反应。 答案:(1)解:设合金中锌的质量为x，生成硫酸锌质量为y。 Zn，HSO=ZnSO，H? 244265 161 2 x y 0.2 g x:65=0.2 g:2 x=6.5 g 答:锌的质量为6.5 g。 (2)1:5 (3)y:161=0.2 g:2 y,16.1 g 16.1g所得溶液中ZnSO的质量分数:100,28.6, 465g，50g,0.2g备考大视野
13、如何用分子、原子的观点解释质量守恒定律 参加化学反应的各物质的质量总和等于反应后生成的各物质的质量总和，这个规律叫做质量守恒定律。 化学反应的实质是参加反应的各物质分子在一定条件下形成原子，原子按照一定的规律重新结合成新物质或新分子。在这个过程中，元素的种类没有改变，原子的个数也没有增减。因此，化学反应前后各物质的质量总和必然相等。 例如，氢气和氯气生成氯化氢的反应中，氢气和氯气分别由氢分子和氯分子构成，它们的每一个分子都由两个原子构成。当氢气在氯气中燃烧时，氢分子和氯分子先破裂形成单个的原子，每一个氢原子和一个氯原子均提供一个电子形成一个共用电子对，从而使两个原子都达到稳定结构，成为一个氯化
14、氢分子。这个过程就是原子的重新组合过程。氢原子、氯原子的个数不变。因此，参加化学反应的氢气与氯气的总质量一定等于生成的氯化氢气体的质量。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules
15、 and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party disci
16、pline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations t
17、he necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on h
18、ow to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and
19、regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the
20、 limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementin
21、g the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the continge
22、nt of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice;
23、the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to
24、clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the d
25、evelopment of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulat
26、ions is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situat
27、ion, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II)
28、 two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revi
29、sed regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qi
30、shan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commiss
31、ion, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the
32、general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people or
33、ganization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Politica
34、l Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and re
35、vision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling
36、party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline re
37、quired specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 20
38、15 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to th
39、e regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipl
40、ine specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on t
41、he positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, f
42、ocusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ru
43、ler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and polit
44、ical rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision o
45、f major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main prob
46、lems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the pa