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1、建筑史中英文对照建史名词中英文对照：中国古代建筑及构造宫palace,temple殿hall厅hall又称“堂”室room房house亭pavilion台platform坛altar楼storied building阁pavilion廊colonnade榭pavilion on terrace水榭waterside pavilion1轩windowed veranda民居folk house四合院courtyard house寨stockaded village舫boat house阙que, watchtower牌楼pailou, decorated gateway华表huabiao, or
2、namental pillar塔pagoda硬山flush gable roof悬山overhanging gable roof歇山gable and hip roof庑殿hip roof四阿hip roof卷棚2round ridge roof重檐double eave roof攒尖pyramidal roof园攒尖round pavilion roof大木wooden structure大式wooden frame with dougong小式wooden frame without dougong大木作carpentry work小木作joinery work抬梁式构架post and
3、lintel construction穿斗式构架column and tie construction井干式构架log cabin construction檐柱eave column金柱hypostyle column内槽柱hypostyle column唐代术语3内柱hypostyle column宋代术语山柱center column角柱corner column唐、宋术语瓜柱short column脊瓜柱king post蜀柱king post宋代术语雷公柱suspended column帐杆suspended column宋代术语侧脚cejiao宋代术语卷杀entasis梭柱shutt
4、le-shaped column宋代术语4角背bracket由戗inverted V-shaped brace叉手chashou, inverted V-shaped brace宋代术语柁墩wooden pier驼峰tuofeng, camel-hump shaped suport宋代术语梁beam袱beam宋代术语月梁crescent beam三架梁3-purlin beam平梁3-purlin beam宋代术语四架梁4-purlin beam5五架梁5-purlin beam四椽袱5-purlin beam宋代术语六架梁6-purlin beam七架梁7-purlin beam六椽袱7-p
5、urlin beam宋代术语九架梁9-purlin beam八椽袱9-purlin beam宋代术语单步梁one-step cross beam双步梁two-step cross beam挑尖梁main aisle exposed tiebeam乳袱rufu, beam tie宋代术语6抱头梁baotou beam穿插枋penetrating tie角梁hip rafer（木行）purlin (used with dougong)大式檩purlin (used without dougong)小式抟purlin宋代术语脊（木行）ridged purlin大式脊檩ridged purlin小式脊
6、抟ridged purlin宋代术语金（木行）intermediate purlin大式7金檩intermediate purlin小式上中平抟intermediate purlin宋代术语老檐（木行）purlin on hypostyle大、小式，宋代术语正心（木行）eave purlin大式檐檩eave purlin小式下平抟eave purlin宋代术语额枋architrave(used with dougong)大式檐枋architrave(used withdougong)小式阑额architrave宋代术语由额垫板cushion board大式檐垫板cushion board小式8
7、枋tiebeam脊枋ridge tiebeam上金枋upper purlin tiebeam下金枋lower purlin tiebeam老檐枋eave tiebeam大式，指檐口构造檐枋eave tiebeam小式，指檐口构造顶椽top rafter脑椽upper rafter花架椽intermediate rafter檐椽eave rafter飞檐椽flying rafter9飞子flying rafter宋代术语连檐eave edging瓦口tile edging颔版tile edging宋代术语举架raising the purlin举析raising the purlin宋代术语步架
8、horizontal spacing between purlins材cai栔qi分fen斗口doukou,mortise of cap block10斗拱dougong,bracket set斗dou, bracket set升block with cross mortise大斗cap block栌斗cap block宋代术语拱gong,bracketarm翘flower arm, petal华拱flower arm宋代术语昂ang,lever槽升子center block齐心斗center block宋代术语11三才升small block十八斗connection block交互斗con
9、nection block宋代术语正心拱axial bracket arm泥道拱axial bracket arm宋代术语瓜拱oval arm瓜子拱oval arm宋代术语万拱long arm慢拱long arm宋代术语厢拱regular arm令拱regular arm宋代术语12单材拱outer-side bracket arm撑头small tie-beam枋small tie-beam宋代术语耍头nose攒set of bracket柱头科bracket set on columns柱头铺作bracket set on columns宋代术语平身科bracket sets betwee
10、n columns补间铺作bracket sets between columns宋代术语角科bracket set on corner转角铺作bracket set on corner宋代术语13出extension of bracket出跳extension of bracket宋代术语cai跳tiao宋代术语雀替sparrow brace搏缝板gable eave board搏缝版gable eave board宋代术语木装修joiner's work外檐装修exterior finish work内檐装修interior finish work14框槛door frame槛st
11、ud抱框jamb on door or window格栅partition door抹头window stool棂子grill裙板panel槛窗sill wall window榻板window sill支摘窗removable window门枕door bearing门簪15decorative cylinder门跋door knocker门钉decorative nails on door leaf门枕石bearing stone抱鼓石drum-shaped bearing stone天花ceiling帽儿梁lattice framing支条lattice framing井口天花compar
12、tment ceiling海墁天花flat ceiling藻井caisson ceiling罩shelf龛niche博古架antique shelf16瓦石作masonry檐墙eave wall廊墙partition wall扇面墙horizontal partition wall隔断墙vertical partition wall槛墙sill wall樨头gable wall head挑檐石cantilever stone on eave五花山墙stepped gable wall拔磉corbel, hanging over叠涩corbel, hanging over宋代术语17角柱石cor
13、ner pier阶条石rectangular stone slab压阑石rectangular stone slab宋代术语台阶steps踏道steps宋代术语踏垛step踏step宋代术语斗板石intermediate pier垂带drooping belt stone副子drooping belt stone宋代术语象眼triangular space18御路yulu, imperial path羌差ramp须弥座xumizuo圭角guijiao上枋upper fillet and fascia下枋lower fillet and fascia上袅upper cyma, recta下袅lo
14、wer cyma, reversa束腰suyao钩栏balustrade宋代术语单钩栏single frieze balustrade宋代术语19垂台钩栏double frieze balustrade望柱baluster望柱头baluster capital栏版frieze panel华版frieze panel地伏plinth stone寻杖handrail宋代术语柱顶石capital stone柱础column base踬zhi碑碣stone tablet赑屃20bixi, stone turtle宋及宋前术语趺fu, stone turtle清代术语石像生stone animal石人s
15、tone human statue筒瓦round tile板瓦flat tile青瓦black tile脊瓦ridge tile琉璃瓦glazed roof tile勾头eave tile滴水drip tile瓦当21tile end, eave tile with pattern正吻zhengwen鸱尾chiwei宋及宋前术语正脊main ridge垂脊diagonal ridge for hip roof, vertical ridge for gable roof戗脊diagonal ridge for gable and hip roof博脊horizontal ridge for g
16、able and hip roof仙人celestial being走兽animal砖雕brick carving彩画22colored pattern, colored drawing苏式彩画Suzhou style pattern旋子彩画tangent circle pattern和玺彩画dragons pattern天花彩画ceiling pattern箍头end portion of painted beam藻头intermediate portion of painted beam枋心central portion of painted beam点金gold pointing退晕co
17、lor change沥粉embossed painting贴金23gold foil painting建史名词中英文对照：外国古代建筑及构造金字塔pyramid方尖碑obelisk牌门楼pylon莲花式柱lotus column纸草花式柱papyrus column棕榈叶式柱palm column塔庙ziggurat列柱围廊式peristyle山花pediment多立克柱式Doric order伊奥尼亚柱式24Ionic order曾用名“爱奥尼亚柱式” 。科林斯柱式Corinthian order檐口cornice檐部entablature檐壁frieze额枋architrave柱头capi
18、tal柱身column shaft槽沟flute圆底线脚torus柱基plinth台基25stylobate输水道aqueduct万神庙pantheon凯旋门triumphal arch角斗场colosseum广场forum托斯卡柱式Tuscan order门廊potch,portico小穹顶cupola平嵌线reglet主穹顶main dome半穹顶semi dome帆拱pendentive26会堂basilica中厅central nave侧廊aisle半圆形壁龛apse袖廊transept柱廊colonnade神坛altar拱廊atcade壁上拱廊blind arcade塔楼turret
19、玫瑰窗rose window扶壁buttress尖顶pinnacle滴水兽gargoyle顶端饰finial27花色窗棂tracery四叶饰quatrefoil五叶饰cinquefoil府邸mansion,palazzo鼓座drum采光塔lantern小侧窗bulleye window涡卷装饰cartouche宣礼塔minaret圣龛mihrab,prayer niche讲坛mimbar,pulpit拱式vault type筒拱barrel vault棱拱groin vault肋骨拱28rib bed vault星形拱stellar vault网状拱reticulated vault扇形拱fa
20、n vault倒槽式拱trough vault钟乳拱stalactite vault券式arch type半圆券semicircular arch尖券pointed arch弧形券segmental arch葱花券ogee arch马蹄券horseshoe arch交角券squinch穹式dome type29半球形穹顶semespherical dome葱花穹顶ogee dome方穹顶square dome阿拉伯花饰arabeque阿拉伯式柱头Arabian capital建史名词中英文对照：园林史中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional
21、 Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden30江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spaini
22、sh style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden31庄园manor,villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden,patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze,labyrinth灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden周代术语灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden周代术语灵台Ling Tai Platfo
23、rm Garden周代术语阿房宫E-Pang Palace秦代术语上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan汉代术语未央宫Wei-Yang Palace汉代术语洛阳宫Luoyang Palace魏代术语华清宫Hua-Qing Palace32唐代术语艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden宋代术语圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden又称“悬空园”
24、 ，“架高园”。英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden又称“邱园”。凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden景view,scenery,feature远景distant view33近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery, blocking view又称“抑景”。借景borrowed scenery,view borrowing对景oppositive scenery,view in opposite place缩景miniature sce
25、nery, abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature主景main feature副景secondary feature配景objective view34夹景vista line,vista又称“风景线”前景front view背景background景序order of sceneries景点feature spot,view spot园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space,wide space封闭空间encloseure space意境ar
26、tistic conception,poetic imagery苍古antiquity35空灵spaciousness,airiness动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing轴线axis,axial line主轴main axis副轴auxiliary axis暗轴hidden axis,invisible axis又称“隐轴”建史名词中英文对照：城市史城市史history of cities居民点settlement市场 market城墙 city wall都城capital city36宫城imperial city外城outer city皇城imperial palace里neighbourhood街