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1、精华资料中学英语语法选集(人教版)8. 特殊词精讲 8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. ,我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D.
2、rest 答案:C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light of
3、f. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ,( 已做过关灯的动作) Dont forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。 ,(to come动作未做) 典型例题 - The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表
4、示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 ,(未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 ,(已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已
5、做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题 -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案:D。regret having don
6、e sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 8.6 try doing/t
7、o do try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 8.7 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing
8、the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕; be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在
9、草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do,对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。 I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) Im interested in working in S
10、witzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法) 8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 8.11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start
11、to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴, 2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry。 我开始生起气来。 3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to un
12、derstand the truth。 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt. 8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yest
13、erday.(强调我见他正干活这个动作) 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题 1)They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案:A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 句型。 2)The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to
14、play 答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。 分词 9.1 分词作定语 分词前置 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 分词后置 (i分词词组;ii 个别分词如given, left; iii 修饰不定代词 something等) There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given.,这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting.
15、 没有有趣的东西 过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 典型例题 1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be
16、 written C. being written D. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written 2)Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken,C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。 spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为: Whats the language (whi
17、ch is) spoken in German? 9.2 分词作状语 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. - Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. - Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那
18、些树会长得更好。 典型例题 1)_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被跟随)。本题可改为: ,With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2)There was a terr
19、ible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。 3)_, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的;过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。
20、它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated， 注意: 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。 (Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。 9.3 连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when，while，if though，after, before, as.
21、 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如: While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和saw 的主语相同。 9.4 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如: I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 Ill have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 9.5 分词作表语 现在分词: 表示主动，正在进行 过去分词: 表示被动，已经完成 She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上
22、去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁 9.6 分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。 generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定
23、是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作) 9.7 分词的时态 1)与主语动词同时， Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the pre
24、sident. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。 2)先于主动词 While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 Having finished his homework, he went
25、 out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. ,做完作业后，他出去了。 典型例题 _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had
26、 not received a reply, he decided to write again. 9.8 分词的语态 1)通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如: He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you) 他就是给你钱的那个人。 He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by) 他就是那个被车拦住的人。 2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生 gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returne
27、d 例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 ,a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人 ,a burnt-out match,烧完了的火柴 10. 独立主格 10.1 独立主格 (一): 独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词; 名词(代词)+形容词; 名词(代词)+副词; 名词(代词)+不定式; 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 (二) 独立主格结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例
28、: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are
29、going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 10.2 With的
30、复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。
31、当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes lookin
32、g straight up. 典型例题: Weather_, well go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permi
33、ts, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes
34、 before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动
35、作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played footba
36、ll in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather
37、you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义
38、:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2)情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? 11.3 used to / be used to used to +
39、do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didn
40、t B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do t
41、omorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 ,The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 ,Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 ,We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能与tomorro
42、w, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 ,will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to ,be to
43、 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 ,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.,(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2)倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如: ,