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1、 寒地论文：严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价研究【中文摘要】建筑作为满足人们生活需要的一种人造环境,长期存在着能耗方面的问题。比如严寒地区,由于受到气候的影响,一年中有将近半年处在采暖期,建筑的能耗问题尤其突出,给地球环境带来了严重的负担。然而,当人们关注能耗的问题的时候往往又停留在建筑的运营阶段对能源的消耗衡量上,忽略了建材的生产加工、施工设备的运行也需要消耗能源。这样带来的问题是:如果希望降低在采暖期能源的消耗就要加大前期生产建设期间的投入,从建筑生命周期的完整过程来看可能消耗的能源更大。所以说,只是评价运营阶段的能耗是片面的,要考虑建筑全生命周期的能耗。而且,随着“绿色”的思想在全球的发展,“可
2、持续发展”已经成为建筑业的必然趋势。对于生态建筑的评价已经不能仅仅局限在能耗一个因素上,虽然对于严寒地区冬季采暖的能耗仍然是要重点考虑的因素,但是除此之外,在建筑的全生命周期过程中,像噪音、废弃建材的回收利用等等也是必须要纳入的因素,以求得建筑作为一个生命体与环境的融合。所以对建筑的评价应该是涵盖了整个生命周期和多因素全面的评价。对建筑的评价要考虑全生命周期的影响而且不能仅仅局限在能耗一个因素上,那么,作为建筑的一部分,对建筑表皮的评价也应同样如此。本文选择严寒地区建筑表皮作为研究对象,希望能够寻找到一种比较系统的评价模式。本文参考了国内外著名的绿色建筑评价体系和绿色奥运相关评价体系,以绿色建
3、筑相关评价体系为依据,以全生命周期时间顺序为线索建立了适用于严寒地区生态表皮的评价体系。评价因素通过专家遴选的方式产生,在内容上涵盖资源、能源、环境及经济等多个方面的内容,按照结构将因素分为三个层次。针对该体系中因素众多,而且存在明确的逻辑层次关系的特征,本文选择模糊综合评价法作为对严寒地区生态表皮的评价方法。模糊综合评价中最重要的对评价体系的中各个因素的权重的确定。本文按照1-9度的标度法,邀请专家填写问卷,构造矩阵,通过计算确定各个评价因素的权重,力争使权重值更加贴近现实,更科学合理。最终,通过矩阵的合成得到评分。在本文建立的严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价体系的基础上,对严寒地区几种种表皮构造形
4、式进行了全生命周期模糊综合评价。通过评价结果可以直观的得到不同表皮构造形式的评价得分,有利于掌握优缺点,为表皮构造形式的选择也提供了依据。【英文摘要】Building as an artificial environment, is to meet human material and spiritual needs of an important part. However, humans have long high consumption, high output, high-pollution development model, and the excessive pursuit o
5、f material comforts, so alienated from the modern architecture of man and nature coexist in harmony, to the global ecological environment of the heavy burden. To address the shortage of earth resources and energy, and harmonious coexistence of human and natural problems, mankind must follow the path
6、 of sustainable development, construction, strongly advocated to promote building energy efficiency.However, commonly used on our current evaluation of building energy efficiency indicators and methods of most stage building design or construction, building and construction equipment to energy-savin
7、g aspects of system still be substantial, the life of building energy consumption type of guidelines have not been more fully reflected, to some extent, this restricted the application of building energy conservation theory and technologys further development. A scientific evaluation methods and sys
8、tems should be run through the entire life of the building process.Life cycle theory is known as “cradle to grave” theory. Based on full life-cycle perspective, in time, through the building planning and design, building single design, construction, operation and maintenance until the end of life at
9、 all stages of demolition, the contents include resources, energy, environment and economy in many ways, the establishment of the building energy efficiency evaluation index system and evaluation according to the level of detail will be divided into three. Then, in view of the structural characteris
10、tics of the indicator system, three-stage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method right evaluation with a view to building energy efficiency evaluation of the qualitative analysis of changes in the quantitative You.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of evaluation, the most important factor is the e
11、valuation system to establish and determine the weight of each factor. This article accordance with the architectural features of the life cycle, the establishment of a multi-level factor system life cycle assessment, and evaluation factors were analyzed in detail so that the evaluation system can b
12、e close to the actual object through the evaluation results are more reasonable. In determining the criteria layer target layer of the evaluation factor weight was based upon a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the level of analysis method and analyzing the evaluation factors of evaluation re
13、sults is the relative important degree, based on a 19 scaling, matrix to determine the weight of the evaluation factors, so that the weight assignment is more scientific, reasonable, and better reflect the impact of various factors on the results of the degree of importance.Finally, Heilongjiang pro
14、ject as an example of a building energy simulation evaluation. The results showed that the use of life cycle theory based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for the whole building life cycle energy assessment is feasible.【关键词】寒地 建筑表皮 全生命周期 模糊综合评价【英文关键词】Cold region Building skin Life Cycle Fuzz
15、y comprehensive evaluation【目录】严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价研究 摘要 4-5 Abstract 5-6 第1章 绪论 10-16 1.1 研究课题的来源及研究的目的和意义 10-12 1.1.1 课题的来源 10 1.1.2 选题的背景 10-11 1.1.3 研究目的与意义 11-12 1.2 国内外研究现状 12-14 1.2.1 国外研究现状 12-13 1.2.2 国内研究现状 13-14 1.3 课题研究方法及内容 14-16 1.3.1 课题研究方法 14-15 1.3.2 课题研究内容 15-16 第2章 严寒地区建筑表皮构造分析 16-25 2.1 严
16、寒地区气候特点 16-17 2.1.1 严寒地区分布 16-17 2.1.2 严寒地区气候特征 17 2.2 严寒地区建筑表皮构造分析 17-24 2.2.1 严寒地区窗构造分析 17-19 2.2.2 严寒地区墙体构造分析 19-22 2.2.3 严寒地区屋顶构造分析 22-24 2.3 本章小结 24-25 第3章 严寒地区建筑生态表皮综合评价的指标体系 25-37 3.1 建立建筑表皮评价体系的思路和原则 25-27 3.1.1 建立建筑表皮评价体系的思路 25-26 3.1.2 建立建筑表皮评价体系的原则 26-27 3.2 严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价指标体系 27-36 3.2.1 现
17、有建筑评价体系合理性分析 27-31 3.2.2 严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价体系的指标确定 31-32 3.2.3 严寒地区建筑生态表皮全生命周期评价的基本框架 32-36 3.3 本章小结 36-37 第4章 模糊综合评价数学模型 37-51 4.1 评价因素权重确定方法 37-46 4.1.1 层次分析法(AHP) 37-38 4.1.2 使用层次分析法建模的步骤 38 4.1.3 层次关系的建立 38 4.1.4 设定标度 38-39 4.1.5 判断矩阵的构造 39-40 4.1.6 权值的计算方法 40-46 4.2 模糊综合评价方法 46-50 4.2.1 模糊综合评价 46 4.2
18、.2 评价数学模型 46-48 4.2.3 模糊合成算子模型 48-50 4.3 本章小结 50-51 第5章 严寒地区建筑生态表皮评价分析 51-84 5.1 评价指标确定的原则和等级 51-52 5.1.1 评价标准的确定原则 51 5.1.2 评价标准的评价等级 51-52 5.2 屋顶模糊综合评价分析 52-64 5.2.1 屋顶设计阶段问卷情况说明 52-53 5.2.2 屋顶设计阶段评价 53-55 5.2.3 屋顶生产运输施工阶段问卷情况说明 55-56 5.2.4 屋顶生产运输施工阶段评价 56-59 5.2.5 屋顶运营阶段评价 59-61 5.2.6 屋顶拆除回收阶段问卷情
19、况说明 61-62 5.2.7 屋顶拆除回收阶段评价 62-64 5.2.8 屋顶全生命周期综合评价 64 5.3 严寒地区建筑墙体模糊综合评价分析 64-74 5.3.1 墙体设计阶段问卷情况说明 64-65 5.3.2 墙体设计阶段评价 65-67 5.3.3 屋顶生产运输施工阶段问卷情况说明 67-68 5.3.4 墙体生产施工阶段评价 68-70 5.3.5 墙体运营阶段评价 70-71 5.3.6 墙体拆除回收阶段问卷情况说明 71-72 5.3.7 墙体拆除回收阶段评价 72-74 5.3.8 墙体全生命周期综合评价 74 5.4 严寒地区建筑窗模糊综合评价分析 74-83 5.4.1 窗设计阶段问卷情况说明 74-75 5.4.2 窗设计阶段评价 75-76 5.4.3 窗生产运输阶段问卷情况说明 76-77 5.4.4 窗生产运输施工阶段评价 77-79 5.4.5 窗运营阶段评价 79-80 5.4.6 窗拆除回收阶段问卷情况说明 80-81 5.4.7 窗拆除回收阶段评价 81-83 5.4.8 窗全生命周期综合评价 83 5.6 本章小结 83-84 结论 84-85 参考文献 85-88 附录 88-90 致谢 90