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1、意大利语复合时态The compound tenses (i tempi composti) are verb tenses that consist of two words,such as the passatoprossimo(present perfect).Both theverbs essere and avere actas helping verbs in compound tense formations. For example: io sono stato (I was)and ho avuto (I had).Present Perfect with AvereIn g
2、eneral, transitive verbs (verbs that carry over an action from the subject tothe direct object) are conjugated with avere as in the following example:Il pilota ha pilotato laeroplano. (The pilot flew the plane.)When the passato prossimo is constructed with avere, the past participle does notchange a
3、ccording to gender or number:Io ho parlatoconGiorgioieripomeriggio.(Ispoke toGeorgeyesterdayafternoon.)Noi abbiamo comprato molte cose. (We bought many things.)When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the thirdpersondirectobjectpronounslo,la,le,orli,the pastparticiplea
4、greeswiththeprecedingdirectobjectpronounin genderand number.The past participlemay agreewith the direct object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi when these precede the verb, butthe agreement is not mandatory.Ho bevuto la birra. (I drank the beer.)Lho bevuta. (I drank it.)Ho comprato il sale e il pepe. (I
5、bought the salt and pepper.)Li ho comprati. (I bought them.)Ci hanno visto/visti. (They saw us.)In negative sentences, non is placed before the auxiliary verb:Molti non hanno pagato. (Many didnt pay.)No, non ho ordinato una pizza. (No, I didnt order a pizza.)Present Perfect with EssereWhen essere is
6、used,thepastparticiplealwaysagreesingenderand number withthesubjectoftheverb,so you have fourendingstochoosefrom:-o,-a,-i,-e.Inmanycases,intransitiveverbs (thosethatcannottake a directobject),especiallythoseexpressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also con
7、jugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere are listed in the table below:INTRANSITIVE ITALIAN VERBS THAT APPEAR WITH ESSERE IN PRESENT PERFECTandareto goarrivareto arrivecadereto falldimagrireto dietentrareto enterimmigrareto immigra
8、temorireto diepartireto departrestareto stay, to remain(ri)tornareto returnsalpareto weigh anchor, to set sailsfuggireto run away, to fleestareto stay, to beuscireto go outvenireto come备注说明，非正文，实际使用可删除如下部分。本内容仅给予阅读编辑指点：1 、本文件由微软OFFICE 办公软件编辑而成，同时支持WPS 。2 、文件可重新编辑整理。3 、建议结合本公司和个人的实际情况进行修正编辑。4 、因编辑原因，
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