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1、般过去时与现在完成时区别专题、前言：初一下学期同学们学习了一般过去时态的相关知识，即将到来的初二上学期英语学习中，现在完成时是重要的 学习容。本文通过对比一般过去时和现在完成时，对现在完成时进行初步讲解，希望使同学们读新学期的学习有所 准备。二、现在完成时1. 现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由助动词 have （has）+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时围。它和主语的人称、 数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。2. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。We are good frie
2、n ds.（现在的情况）I kn ew him in 1997.（过去的动作）We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet等副词修饰。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since
3、等表示一段时间的状语。如:He has taught here si nee 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）I have nt see n her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。（3 ）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,n ever,three times等时间状语。女口： I have bee n to Beiji ng twice. 我去过二次。3. 现在完成时的时间状语（1）现在完成时属于现在时围， 故不能和过去的时间状语连用。女口： yesterday,last Sunday,
4、in1990,three yearsago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。a. 用副词already和yet。already 一般用于肯定句中，yet 般用于否定句和 疑问句中。女口： We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They have nt fi ni shed their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。b. 用ever和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。我从未去过长城。女口： -Have you ever been to the Great W
5、all?你曾经去过长城吗？-I have n ever bee n to the Great Wall.c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has bee n there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。d. 用包括“现在”在的时间状语，如：now, today, this morni ng (mo
6、nth, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I have nt.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。How many times have you bee n there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？（2 ）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用，表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I have nt see n him for two years.但是，像 come,arrive,buy 等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be （在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳
7、总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:arrive f be herebeg in( start) f be ondief be deadcome back f be backleave f be awayfall ill(sick,asleep)f be ill(sick,asleep)get up f be upgo outf be outfinish f be overput onf wear 或 be onope nf be ope njoinf be in 或 be a member of closef be closedgo to school f be a stude ntb
8、orrowf keepbuyf havecatch(a cold) f have(a cold)get to know f knowbeg in to study f studycome to work f work 等女口： He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。His father has bee n dead for two years. 他父亲去世二年了。The film has bee n on for ten mi nu tes.电影已开始十分钟了。We have studied En glish for three years.
9、我们(开始)学英语已三年了4. 几点注意事项（1） have been（to） 与have gone（ to） 的区别：have been（to） 表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用 于各人称；have gone（to）表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过两次。He has gone to Beiji ng .他去了。（2） 如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since 词，也不必用完成时。女口： It is
10、 two years si nee his father died.=His father has bee n dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。女如： I have nt left here si nee 1997. 自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。for +(4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语时，常用 一段时间,si nee +时间点。I have lived here since my childhood.我
11、从小就一直住在这里。I have lived here for 10 years.我在这已经住了 10 年了。(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用how longHow long have you lived here?注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如:I lived here for a week last summer.I have lived here for a week by now.I will live here for a week n ext year.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周明年我会在
12、这里住一周。、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但 它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的I have just bee n to London. I went there last month.1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的 事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。般过去时的时间状语具体的时间状语yes
13、terday, last week，ago, in 1980, in October, just now,共同的时间状语:,before, already, recently , latelythis mor ning, toni ght, this April, now, once现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3. 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, wor
14、k, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, fi ni sh, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.I have see n this film.Why did you get up so early?Who has nt han ded in his paper?She has returned from Paris.She retur ned yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）（强调对现在的影响，电影的容已经知道了（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）（
15、强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）她已从巴黎回来了。她是昨天回来了。He has bee n in the League for three years.He has bee n a League member for three years.He joined the League three years ago.（在团的状态可延续）（是团员的状态可持续）（三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。）I have fini shed my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有
16、过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。(错) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.二、练习题1. A.用 already 或 yet1) Have they taken down the old picturesyet? No, nothaven t.2) Most of us have finished our compositions阿拉 ready
17、3) He said he hadn t visited the exhibitionyet.B. 用 since 或 for1) We have lear ned five less ons _scincethe beg inning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has bee n in hospitalscincelast week.3) I have stayed at my aunt stwo weeks.C. 用 have gone 或 have been1) Where are the boy stude nts ? Theyto the school fac
18、tory.2) Is your father in ? No, heto Shen zhe n.he everthere before ? Yes, hethereseveral times3) He asked me if Ito Han gzhou before.I told him that I wan ted to go there for a visit as In everto that city before.2. 选择填空Motherme a new coat yesterday. Iit on .It fits me well.A. had made have triedB.
19、 made have triedC. has made triedD. made triedhe ? ”“ Last year2“ Heto draw horses already ” .“ WhenA. learned has B. learned didC. has learned hasD. has lear ned did3. Tomup into the tree. Look, hehigh up there !A. has got isB. has climbed wasC. got wasD. climbed is4. youthe text yet ? Yes, weit tw
20、o hours ago.A. DidcopydidB. HavecopiedhaveC. Have copieddidD. Didcopyhad5. “ Whysheangry ? ”“ Because heat her just now .A. did get shoutedB. has got shoutedC. did get has shoutedD. has got has shouted6. youthe film before ? WhereyouitA. Have seen did seeB. Did see did - -watchC. Have seen have seen
21、D. Did see have seen7. Youme wait ing for two hours. Ifor you since five.A. kept waitedB. have kept waitedC. kept have waitedD. have kept have waited8. WhereJoh n? To the library. Hethere for an hour.A. has bee n has gone B. has go ne has bee nC. did go we ntD. did be - -we nt9. the baby still? No,
22、itcrying.B. Iscrying stoppedA. Has cried has stoppedC. Did cry stoppedD. Is crying has stopped10. Ithe way. Ihere for quite many years.A. knew have livedC. knewlive C. knowhavelived D. know live11. you everAmerica? Yes,I have.A. Have gone to B. Have gone in C. Have been toD. Have been in12. My broth
23、ercollege for over three years.A. has gone to B. has bee n to C. has bee n in D. has bee n at13. Hethe Army by the end of 1989. Hein the army si nee the n.A. joined is B. has joined has beenC. had joined isD. had joined has been14. By the time Iback theyup ten satellites.A. came have sent B. came ha
24、d sent C. come have sentD. had come sent15. Jackover five lessons by seven o clock. Then hea rest.A. went tookB. went had takenC. had gone tookD. had gone had taken16. Weout by that time that hea spy for a long time.D. found wasA. had found had beenB. had found wasC. found had been17. Before the new
25、shim, heto know about it.A. reaches has gotB. reached had gotC. reached gotD. had reached - -got18. Ihim a sec ond letter before I from him.A. wrote heardB. wrote had heardC. had writte nheardD. have writte nhear19. Peoplethat the soldiersfighti ng.A. say had stoppedB. said has stoppedC. say stopped
26、D. said had stopped20. Wein a good harvest because weeno ugh rain.A. didn t get had hadB. got had hadC. had got had hadD. got hadn t had21. Theyfor five hours whe n theyin New York.A. flew - -arrivedB. had flown -had arrivedC. flew - -had arrivedD. had flow n arrived22. Shethat itfor two days by tha
27、t day.A. says has rainedB. says had rainedC. said had rainedD. said rained23. Joh nthere since the year before, so hethem.A. had worked k new B. had worked had knownC. worked knewD. worked had known24. Heangry because hefor a long time.A. had got -had waitedB. got waitedC. had got waitedD. got -had
28、waited25. -I have seen the film “Titanic ” already.-Whe nyouit?-The day before yesterday.A. have ；seenB. will ； see C. did ； see D. did ；seen26. Mr Blackin Chi na since five years ago.A. lived B. has livedC. lives D. is going to live27. Wetrees last Sun day. So far weover 3, 000 trees there.A. planted ; plantedB. planted ; have plantedC. have pla nted ; pla nted D. have pla nted; have pla nted练习答案：1A 1) already, yet2) already3) yetB. 1) si neeC. 1) have been2. BDACA ADBDC2) since3) since2) has gone, Has, bee n, has bee n3) have bee n, have bee nCDDBC ABCDB DCADC BB