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1、debate英语辩论非常实用哟,English For Debate,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,What is a Debate?,A debate is a form of argument. It contains two teams arguing opposite sides of a “proposition” in an orderly manner, following the agreed upon rules. The team that agrees with the topic is called the affirmative and the team that
2、disagrees with the topic is called the negative. Teams argue their proposition using reasoning and evidence.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,The Benefits of a Debate,develop positive attitudes toward the intellectual exchange of ideas develop an interest in the investigation of issues and problems become more adept
3、 at developing and putting forward ideas learn to think quickly learn to work as a team develop leadership skills develop speaking and listening skills.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,To be a good debater, you need,the confidence to speak in public.the ability to present an argument persuasively.the vision to unde
4、rstand that there are two sides to most arguments.the respect for others, to let them have their say.the sense of timing, to prioritize your material and speak in a given time period.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,the structure to order your thoughts, to introduce, develop and summarize your points.the general an
5、d specific knowledge of many current affairs topics, learnt through research and debate.the flexibility to react quickly to new ideas, and to remain unflustered in crises.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Preparing for a debate, you should learn ,to use a library, and to find the exact information you need in the sh
6、ortest possible time. to be thorough and accurate. to analyze, to distinguish between the vital and the unimportant. to learn the need of proving your statements; of supporting every statement with valid evidence and sound reasoning,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,to demand the same sort of proof for the statements
7、 of others. to present ideas in a clear and effective manner, and in a way, which wins others to your way of thinking. to think under pressure, to “use his head” in a time of need, to make decisions quickly and accurately.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,How to Construct Effective Arguments,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Language
8、,Accurate pronunciation Articulation Diverse pace and pitchVocabulary. Avoid speaking too quickly.Try to avoid being too nervous,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Content,Content can be divided into arguments and supporting materials.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,An argument is a statement “The topic is true or false( depending o
9、n which side you are on) because of x”, where the argument fills in for the x. For example in the topic “That the zoos should be closed” an argument may be: “the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment”.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,The most important aspect of debating
10、 is that assertions must be justified. No one can be convinced or persuaded of anything if they are given no reason for doing so. That is to say you should use materials to support your arguments.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Supporting materials can be examples. Your arguments can also be backed up with other s
11、upporting materials, like reasons, statistics, and even with anecdotes, idioms, proverbs, quotations and analogies.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Delivery,Cue cards Do not write out all your speech on cue cards. Debating is an exercise in lively interaction between two teams and between the audiences, not in read
12、ing a speech. The audience can tell when you are reading. Use cue cards the same way you would use a prompt(提示词） in a play. They are there for reference if you lose your spot.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Eye contactVoice Body language,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Remember,Confidence is vital in debate.Your presentation, spe
13、ech, and appearance matter almost as much as your delivery and your content.,So,Dress appropriatelyHave notes prepared. You do not want your debate to be an oral presentation of a written essay.Practice speaking aloud in front of a mirror and then in front of other people.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Refute arg
14、uments,Refutation is the process of proving that an argument or a series of arguments, or the conclusions drawn from that argument or arguments, is false, erroneous, or at least doubtful. In a debate, effective refutations are key to success. Refutation should be handled systematically.,debate英语辩论非常
15、实用哟,Guidelines to follow,Anticipate what your opponent will say.Take careful notes of what your opponent says and note your reactions to what is said.Find your opponents fallacies in arguments and attack on that basisOrganize your arguments effectively.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Avoid fallacies in arguments,M
16、aking effective and logical arguments is the most effective key to success in a debate. To make your arguments sound, you have to be careful about fallacies in reasoning.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Typical fallacies,Emotional argument Emotional arguments are based on feelings, not logic. For example, Listen !
17、I love New Zealand. I love the All Blacks, the Tall Ferns. We should get down on our knees and thank the sporting gods for them”,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Doubtful authority An argument supported by a person who is not accepted as an expert is considered ineffective. Here is one example: Let us consider the q
18、uestions of sport. My Dad told me that the Americas Cup is organized for millionaires, and funded by the money the Australians pay us to lose to them in all sports.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Circular argument You should avoid arguments that go round and round but never get to the point. For example: Segregati
19、on should be prohibited for it is morally wrong; we know it is morally wrong because it is a practice that should be prohibited.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Irrelevant conclusion Another typical type of fallacy is forming an argument that can not be proved by the ideas put forward. For instance: All these point
20、s go to show that on this planet we are the greatest sporting nation ever!,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Limited example You should avoid an argument which only applies in a few situations. Here is one example: And what about Peter Hillary climbing Everest? That is proof that we are the worlds top climbing nation
21、.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Personal attack Personal attack means criticizing the speaker instead of what they have said, Do not criticize the individual speakers, criticize what they say.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Oral Functions Bank,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,How to agree strongly with an opinion,I couldnt agree more!Thats abso
22、lutely trueAbsolutely /Sure/Good idea.Definitely/Exactly.I agree completely/entirely with this idea.I totally agree with you.I take your pointId go along with youIm with you on that.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Im for you/on your side.I think so too.You can say that again.I dont think so either.Thats just what
23、I want to say/what I mean/ what I was thinking.Thats exactly what I think.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Thats a good point.Thats just how I see it.Thats exactly my opinion.That sounds perfect/a good idea.Sounds good to me.I have no objection to it.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,How to disagree strongly with an opinion,Are you
24、 crazy ?What ?You must be joking. Thats absurd/ridiculous!,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Nonsense/Rubbish!No way. Just on the contrary /Just the other way round.I disagreeIm afraid I dont agree.Im afraid you are wrong.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,I think you are absolutely wrong!I really cant agree.I wouldnt accept that for
25、one minute.You cant really mean that.I wouldnt go along with you there.You cant be serious.Thats your opinion, but not mine.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,To tell you the truth, I have different opinions.You must be joking.I think this idea is impossible /impractical /bad.I think this idea cannot be implemented.I
26、 dont agree with this idea.I think it is a bad idea.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Half agree with an opinion,Yes, perhaps.Well, yes.Yes, in a way.Mmm, possibly.Yes, I agree up to a point.Well, youve got a point there.Theres something in that, I suppose.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,I guess you could be right.Yes, I suppose s
27、o.I agree partially with this idea.This idea is partially right.I sort of agree.Thats worth thinking about.Maybe.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,How to disagree politely with an opinion,I am not so sure really.Do you think so?Well, it depends.Im not so certain.Well, I dont know.Well, lm not so sure about that.Mmm,
28、 Im not really sure youre right.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Im not sure that I agree with this idea.Im inclined to disagree with that.No, I dont think so really.I think this idea is possible, butThe project is feasible, but.As a matter of fact, I would say,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,How to present both sides of an argume
29、nt,On the one hand., on the other hand.Although its true to say that., its also true to say that.,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Assignment,Get ready to take part in a debate on the topic you are going to choose. Your debate should cover:distribution of the rolesclear statement of your argumentsvalid evidence and
30、sound reasoningbrief and to the point summary Time limit: First debater: 1 mins Second & third debater: 30 seconds Last debater: 1 mins Free debate: 10 mins,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Topics for further debate,1. Can we live without our mobile phone?2. Should college students be allowed to rent a house off-cam
31、pus?3. Does EQ outweigh IQ for a successful career? 4. Children: to have or not to have?5. Is the College Entrance Examination the best way for universities to enroll students in China? 6. Does the pursuit of money contradict with the pursuit of morality?,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Responsibilities,You are now
32、 a member of your selected team. Your team will be graded as a whole. Be sure that you work together so that all members of your team have an adequate background of the positions and arguments that you will be proposing. -1. There will be an opening statement made by your team. This should be 1 minu
33、te long and should state your teams position and the arguments/solutions you will be proposing. Responsible Members: _,debate英语辩论非常实用哟,Useful Expressions,主席评委一辩二辩对方辩友正方反方,chairmanjudgefirst debatersecond debatermy fellow debatersthe positive sidethe con side,Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,