《最新初中数学几何知识点归纳优秀名师资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新初中数学几何知识点归纳优秀名师资料.doc（22页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、初中数学几何知识点归纳中考几何知识点归纳 角与(平行)线 1 过两点有且只有一条直线 2 两点之间线段最短 3 同角或等角的补角相等 4 同角或等角的余角相等 5 过一点有且只有一条直线和已知直线垂直 6 直线外一点与直线上各点连接的所有线段中，垂线段最短 7 平行公理 经过直线外一点，有且只有一条直线与这条直线平行 8 如果两条直线都和第三条直线平行，这两条直线也互相平行 9 同位角相等，两直线平行 10 内错角相等，两直线平行 11 同旁内角互补，两直线平行 12 两直线平行，同位角相等 13 两直线平行，内错角相等 14 两直线平行，同旁内角互补 the drawings, first
2、to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction p
3、rogramme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understan
4、d the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where
5、the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the dr
6、awings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the tw
7、o anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 三角形的边与角 15 定理 三角形两边的和大于第三边 16 推论 三角形两边的差小于第三边 17 三角形内角和定理 三角形三个内角的和等于180? 18 推论1 直角三角形的两个锐角互余 19 推论2 三角形的一个外角等于和它不相邻的两个内角的和 20 推论3 三角形的一个外角大于任何一个和它不相邻的内角 全等三角形 21 全等三角形的对应边、对应角相等 22 边角边公理(SAS) 有两边和它们的夹角对应相等的两个三角形全等 23 角边角公理( A
8、SA)有两角和它们的夹边对应相等的两个三角形全等 24 推论(AAS) 有两角和其中一角的对边对应相等的两个三角形全等 25 边边边公理(SSS) 有三边对应相等的两个三角形全等 26 斜边、直角边公理(HL) 有斜边和一条直角边对应相等的两个直角三角形全等 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of
9、 drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and de
10、sign. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is
11、local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate;
12、3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements deter
13、mine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 角平分线 27 定理1 在角的平分线上的点到这个角的两边的距离相等 28 定理2 到一个角的两边的距离相同的点，在这个角的平分线上 *29 角的平分线是
14、到角的两边距离相等的所有点的集合 等腰三角形与等边三角形 30 等腰三角形的性质定理 等腰三角形的两个底角相等 (即等边对等角) 31 推论1 等腰三角形顶角的平分线平分底边并且垂直于底边 32 等腰三角形的顶角平分线、底边上的中线和底边上的高互相重合 33 推论3 等边三角形的各角都相等，并且每一个角都等于60? 34 等腰三角形的判定定理 如果一个三角形有两个角相等，那么这两个角所对的边也相等(等角对等边) 35 推论1 三个角都相等的三角形是等边三角形 36 推论 2 有一个角等于60?的等腰三角形是等边三角形 the drawings, first to become familiar
15、 with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and techn
16、ical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall
17、 installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioni
18、ng, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by
19、 the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points de
20、termine the horizontal position. Level according to use 直角三角形与勾股定理(含垂直平分线、轴对称图形) 37 在直角三角形中，如果一个锐角等于30?那么它所对的直角边等于斜边的一半 38 直角三角形斜边上的中线等于斜边上的一半 39 定理 线段垂直平分线上的点和这条线段两个端点的距离相等 40 逆定理 和一条线段两个端点距离相等的点，在这条线段的垂直平分线上 41 线段的垂直平分线可看作和线段两端点距离相等的所有点的集合 42 定理1 关于某条直线对称的两个图形是全等形 43 定理 2 如果两个图形关于某直线对称，那么对称轴是对应点连线
21、的垂直平分线 44定理3 两个图形关于某直线对称，如果它们的对应线段或延长线相交，那么交点在对称轴上 45逆定理 如果两个图形的对应点连线被同一条直线垂直平分，那么这两个图形关于这条直线对称 46勾股定理 直角三角形两直角边a、b的平方和、等于斜边c的平方，即a2+b2=c2 47勾股定理的逆定理 如果三角形的三边长a、b、c有关系 a?+b?=c? ，那么这个三角形是直角三角形 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of dr
22、awings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) control
23、led construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the ent
24、ire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of
25、curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points
26、shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 四边形的角 48定理 四边形
27、的内角和等于360? 49四边形的外角和等于360? 50多边形内角和定理 n边形的内角的和等于(n-2)180? 51推论 任意多边的外角和等于360? 平行四边形、矩形、菱形、正方形的性质与判定定理 52平行四边形性质定理1 平行四边形的对角相等 53平行四边形性质定理2 平行四边形的对边相等 54推论 夹在两条平行线间的平行线段相等 55平行四边形性质定理3 平行四边形的对角线互相平分 56平行四边形判定定理1 两组对角分别相等的四边形是平行四边形 57平行四边形判定定理2 两组对边分别相等的四边形是平行四边形 58平行四边形判定定理3 对角线互相平分的四边形是平行四边形 59平行四边形
28、判定定理4 一组对边平行相等的四边形是平行四边形 60矩形性质定理1 矩形的四个角都是直角 61矩形性质定理2 矩形的对角线相等 62矩形判定定理1 有三个角是直角的四边形是矩形 63矩形判定定理2 对角线相等的平行四边形是矩形 64菱形性质定理1 菱形的四条边都相等 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understandi
29、ng of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme a
30、nd design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zon
31、e is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accur
32、ate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements
33、determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 65菱形性质定理2 菱形的对角线互相垂直，并且每一条对角线平分一组对角 66菱形面积=对角线乘积的一半，即S=(ab)?2 67菱形判定定理1
34、 四边都相等的四边形是菱形 68菱形判定定理2 对角线互相垂直的平行四边形是菱形 69正方形性质定理1 正方形的四个角都是直角，四条边都相等 70正方形性质定理2正方形的两条对角线相等，并且互相垂直平分，每条对角线平分一组对角 中心对称图形 71定理1 关于中心对称的两个图形是全等的 72定理2 关于中心对称的两个图形，对称点连线都经过对称中心，并且被对称中心平分 73逆定理 如果两个图形的对应点连线都经过某一点，并且被这一 点平分，那么这两个图形关于这一点对称 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly a
35、bout the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear
36、 corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and s
37、ome projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning functio
38、n are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the p
39、ositioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal posit
40、ion. Level according to use 等腰梯形的性质与判定定理 74等腰梯形性质定理 等腰梯形在同一底上的两个角相等 75等腰梯形的两条对角线相等 76等腰梯形判定定理 在同一底上的两个角相等的梯形是等腰梯形 77对角线相等的梯形是等腰梯形 *78平行线等分线段定理 如果一组平行线在一条直线上截得的线段 相等，那么在其他直线上截得的线段也相等 79 推论1 经过梯形一腰的中点与底平行的直线，必平分另一腰(不能用作证明题) 80 推论2 经过三角形一边的中点与另一边平行的直线，必平分第 三边(不能用作证明题) 中位线定理 81 三角形中位线定理 三角形的中位线平行于第三边，并且
41、等于它 的一半 *82 梯形中位线定理 梯形的中位线平行于两底，并且等于两底和的 一半 L=(a+b)?2 S=Lh the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and
42、adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: variou
43、s engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings show
44、n in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points
45、: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (
46、5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use *比例的性质 *83 (1) a:b=c:d,ad=bc 比例的基本性质如果那么如果ad=bc,那么a:b=c:d *84 (2)合比性质 如果a,b=c,d,那么(a?b),b=(c?d),d *85 (3)等比性质 如果a,b=c,d=m,n(b+d+n?0),那么 (a+c+m),(b+
47、d+n)=a,b *86 平行线分线段成比例定理 三条平行线截两条直线，所得的对应 线段成比例 *87 推论 平行于三角形一边的直线截其他两边(或两边的延长线)，所得的对应线段成比例88 定理 如果一条直线截三角形的两边(或两边的延长线)所得的对应线段成比例，那么这条直线平行于三角形的第三边 89 平行于三角形的一边，并且和其他两边相交的直线，所截得的三角形的三边与原三角形三边对应成比例 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages o
48、f drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) con
49、trolled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: po