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1、高中英语语法讲解名 词 第一部分:知识要点 一、名词的分类 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词，而普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。 一般说来，个体名词、集体名词为可数名词，物质名词抽象名词为不可数名词。专有名词也可看着不可数名词。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。 二、名词的数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式 (一)规则变化的复数形式 ?一般地，直接在名词之后加-s。如: map ? maps ; book ? books ; taxi ? taxis ?以s, x, ch, sh接尾的词加-es。如: bus ? buses ; box ? boxes ; wat
2、ch ? watches ; brush ? brushes 但:stomach ? stomachs ?以辅音字母加y结尾的词改y为i之后再加-es。如: story ? stories ; dictionary ? dictionaries ?以字母o结尾的词 ?以辅音字母，o结尾的词，加-es。如: tomato ? tomatoes ; hero ? heroes ?以元音字母，o结尾的词，加-s。如: radio ? radios ; zoo ? zoos ?有些以字母o结尾的词两种变化均可。如: volcano ? volcanoes / volcanos; cargo ? car
3、goes/cargos; zero?zeros/zeroes ?以f或fe结尾的词 ?改f或fe为ves。如: thief ? thieves ; wife ? wives ; half ? halves ?直接加s。如: chief ? chiefs ; belief ? beliefs ; roof ? roofs ; serf ? serfs ?有些单词两种变化均可。如: handkerchief ? handkerchiefs / handkerchieves (二)不规则变化的复数形式 ?改变元音。如: man ? men ; woman ? women ; foot ? feet
4、; tooth? teeth goose ? geese ; mouse ? mice ?单复同形。如: sheep ; deer ; fish ; goldfish ; species(种、种类) ; series ?加-(r)en。如: child ? children ox ? oxen 1 ?外来词的复数 英语里有许多由其它语言引进来词汇，一般仍用其原来的复数形式(主要也是改变词尾)现归纳如下: -um -a datum ? data -us -i abacus ? abaci focus ? foci -on -a phenomenon ? phenomena -la -lae fo
5、rmula ? formulae -au -aux bureau ? bureaux -(s)is -(s)es oasis ? oases emphasis ? emphases ?表示某国人名词的复数 ?以s、z音结尾的单词单复数形式相同。如: Chinese ; Japanese ; Swiss ?以形容词，man或woman结尾的词改为形容词，men或women。如: Frenchman ? Frenchmen ; Englishwoman ? Englishwomen ?以-an结尾的词加-s。如: American ? Americans ; German ? Germans ;
6、Egyptian ? Egyptians Norman ? Normans (另:human ? humans) ?合成词的复数形式 ?有主体词(表示人的名词)的将主体词改为复数形式。如: looker-on ? lookers-on ; passer-by ? passers-by ?没有主体词的在词尾加s。如: grown-up ? grown-ups 注意:词组(名词，名词)的复数形式一般是前一个名词用单数形式。如: boy student ? boy students ; girl friend ? girl friends mother crocodile ? mother croc
7、odiles ; baby panda ? baby pandas 但如果前一个名词为man或woman则在变为复数时应将两个名词都变为复数形式。如: man teacher ? men teachers ; woman spy ? women spies ?缩写词的复数形式一般加-s;字母、阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般在字母、数字之后加“s” 。如: Dr ? Drs ; There are two ts in the word letter. Your 7s and 9s look alike. 注?有些名词由于词义不同而交叉属于可数名词或不可数名词。如: room 空间、地方(不可数);房间
8、(可数) glass 玻璃(不可数);玻璃环(可数) work 工作、劳动(不可数);著作、工厂(可数);工程、工事(常用复数) experience 经验(不可数);经历(可数) exercise 锻炼(不可数);练习、操(可数) hair(泛指)头发(不可数);(特指)异色头发(可数) ?要注意汉语习惯对英语的影响 advice; bread; cloth;clothing;fruit;fun;furniture;grass;homework; housework; information; jewel(le)ry; luck; machinery; means; medicine; mo
9、ney; music; news; paper; 2 progress; rice; scenery; soap; smoke; wealth; weather; wood; work 等在英语里一般是不可数名词。 ?许多名词在特定场合下一般要以复数形式出现 arms(武装); ashes(灰烬); clothes; congratulations; glasses(眼镜); goods(货物);looks(面貌);manners(礼貌);pains(努力);regards(问候); resources(资源);sands(沙滩);sports; stairs; tears; thanks;
10、things(情况); troops(部队); trousers; works(著作、工程、工事);have words with(吵架); make repairs(维修); make friends with; make preparations for; shake hands with; in rags等 ?不可数名词表示数量可以用单位词。如: a piece of advice / bread / chalk / cloth / meat / music / news / work etc. an article of clothing / furniture / works etc
11、. a pair of trousers / glasses / compasses / gloves / pants / scissors /shoes / socks / stockings etc. ?口语中有些表示饮料、食品等的名词已习惯不需要量词而具体化为可数名词。如: Id like two milks and a coffee. What about a beer? ?抽象名词具体化可表示一次、一种、一类等，也可以表示具有某种特征的人或事。如: honor (光荣，荣幸) an honor (带来荣幸的人或事) success (成功) a success (一次成功) 三、名词
12、所有格 (一)s所有格形式 ?一般地直接在名词词尾加“s”。如: Toms books ; my sisters bike ?以-s结尾的复数名词加“”。如: students books ; the teachers office ?不以-s结尾的复数名词仍加“s”。如: the Childrens Palace ; Womens Day ?以-s结尾的专有名词既可以加“”又可以加“s”。如: Engelss praise = Engels praise; Dickens works = Dickenss works ?表示两者(以上)共同所有，只需将最后一个改为所有格形式即可。如: Mar
13、y and Janes room ; Tom and my car ?表示两者(以上)各自所有，要将各个所有者都改为所有格形式。如: Johns, Marys and Jacks books ?还可以表示国家、城市、地域、机构、天体、时间、度量及价值等无生命的名词所有格。如: Shanghais industries ; Chinas future ?复合名词、不定代词、相互代词、或以整体形式出现的名词一般在词加“s”。如: each others names ; my brother-in-laws friend ?名词所有格的省略形式可表示“某家”、“某店”等。如: the tailors
14、 ; the doctors (二)of所有格形式 ?无生命或被视为无生命的名词的所有格一般用of所有格。如: 3 the street of the city; his knowledge of English ?有生命名词有后置定语或名词较长时也用of所有格。如: the daughter of the mayor who died in the war the story of the bravery of William Tell and his son (三)双重所有格 ?被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、数词或指示代词等时。如: a computer of theirs ; a
15、friend of my brothers ?被修饰的名词前有指示代词时，表示说话人赞扬，厌恶等感情色彩。如: that naughty boy of your brothers ; this pride of Marys ?注意双重所有格与of原格的用法比较。如: a photo of Mary(一张Mary的自身像) a photo of Marys(指Mary所收藏的相片) 四、名词直接做定语 ?表示分类意义的名词直接做定语 air pollution animal life baby speech body temperature boy friend bus driver city
16、hall coffee cup English teacher government office history exam Nobel Prize ocean floor research centre school education slave owner woman spy ?表示时间、地点、称呼等的名词常直接做定语 college student country life evening school evening dress space walker winter sleep village people ?表示目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义的名词也可直接做定语 book c
17、over gas station goat skin lunch room milk bottle motor car shoe store sports field stamp collection stone wall straw hat tooth brush trade union 注意:有些名词做定语时通常只用复数形式 a goods train a sales girl savings account the signals room sports meet 4 代 词 第一部分:知识要点 代词是代替名词、代词、数词等的词。分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定
18、代词、疑问代词及关系代词等。 (一)人称代词 人称代词有人称和数的变化，在句中用主语、宾语及表语等 注意:?两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，次序为 ?单数按,、,、,或是,、,、,人称排列。如: Tom and I are friends. You he and I are all students. ?复数按,、,、,人称排列。如: We, you and they have been invited to the party ?第三人称男女两性并用，男先女后。如: He and she still dont agree to the plan. ?承认过失或表示不好之事单数按,、,、,，复
19、数按,、,、,排列。如: I, he and you should be punished for it. It was I and Tom that broke the window. ?人称代词的替代办法 ?含有第一人称时，用第一人称来代替。如: You and I are friends, arent we? ?不含第一人称时，如是二、三人称则用第二人称代替。如: You and Tom will go to the bookstore, wont you? 如全是第三人称则用第三人称代替。如: Tom and his brother will go to the bookstore,
20、wont they? ?一般作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作主语或宾语的补足语时与所代替的词的格相一致。如: The thief was thought to be he. They took me to be him. (二)物主代词 物主代词有名词性物主代词和形容词物主代词两种，名词性物主代词可在句中作主语、宾语及表语，而形容词物主代词只能在句中作定语。如: May I use your bike? This coat is yours. Mine is on the sofa. (三)反身代词 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语，也可作同位语，以加强语气。 You can see yourse
21、lf in the mirror. Tom isnt himself today. 注意:?反身代词必须和它所代替的人在人称和数上保持一致。 You can ask the teacher yourself.(你可以亲自去问老师。) You can ask the teacher herself.(你可以去问老师本人。) 5 ?介词和反身代词构成一些惯用词组 by oneself(独自) for oneself(为自己) of oneself(自然地、自动地) in oneself(本质上) between oneself(两人之间、秘密) among oneself(三人以上之间、不和) b
22、eside oneself(得意忘形，欣喜若狂)to oneself(独自享用) ?动词和反身代词连用可组成许多短语 behave oneself(举止文雅) Make yourself at home(请随便) be oneself (身体好，正常) help oneself(自用) teach oneself(自学) hurt oneself(受伤) dress oneself(穿衣) express oneself(表达观点) enjoy oneself(玩得开心) devote oneself to(献身于) say to oneself(某人心想) talk to oneself(自
23、言自语)等。 (四)指示代词 指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。指示也必须和被修饰的词在数上保持一致。如: This book is mine. That is my book. Those are my brothers books. 注:代词it, one, that, this用作替代时的区别 it特指前面提到过的同一个东西，one泛指前面提到过的东西，that特指前面提到过的同一类东西。it之前不能有其它限定词而one之前则可以有象the, this, new等限定词。 在交际英语中，this常指在时间上、距离上以及思想上较近的东西，that常指点在时间上、距离上以及思想感情上
24、较远的东西。另外，指上文中提到过事情一般用that，指下文中要说的事情一般用this。如: - Do you want this book? - Yes, I want it. - Do you have a dictionary? - Yes, I have one. I want him to promise that. I want to know this: when did Tom and Jane get to know each other? (五)相互代词 相互代词each other(指两者或两者以上之间)one another(指三者或三者以上之间)只能在句中作宾语，相互代
25、词的所有格可在句中作定语。如: We must help each other and learn from each other. They know each others shortcomings. (六)不定代词 ?some / any some用在肯定句或表示请求的疑问句中;some还可以和单数名词连用表示“某一” any用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中;any用在肯定句中表示“任何”。如: Would you like some bananas? Some Comrade Wang wants to see you. If any of these machines happens t
26、o fail to work, please let me know as soon as possible. ?both / all 6 both指两者都，而all指三者以上都。如: Both of his parents are teachers. All of the students here are Chinese. ?many /much many修饰复数名词，而much修饰不可数名词。如: Many students like maths. He doesnt have much experience. 但many a可以修饰单数名词，谓语用单数。如: Many a studen
27、t has a dictionary. ?either / each / every either指“两者中的每一个都” ; each指“两者以上每一个都” ，强调个体; every指“三者以上每一个都” ，强调整体。 either, each既可以做主语、宾语，又可以做定语等;而every只能做定语。如: There are trees on either side of the road. Each of the students has a dictionary. Every student has a dictionary. every还可以表示“每隔”，可接“基数词+复数名词”或“序
28、数词+单数名词”。如: He writes to me every two weeks. = He writes to me every second week. ?neither / none / no one (=nobody) neither指“两者中的每一方都不” none指“三者以上(每个)都不” neither, none既可指人又可指物，而no one只能指人，不能指物。如: Neither of the books interests me. None of the students wants to go there. 另:none还可以用来对以which / how man
29、y / how much表示一定范围的疑问句的回答;而no one一般用来对以Who开头的疑问句的回答。如: -How many sheep do you see on the hill? -None. -Who told you about that? -No one.或nobody. ?few / a few / little/ a little few和a few修饰复数名词;little和a little修饰不可数名词 a few和a little表示肯定意义;few和little表示否定意义。如: He is a man of few words. Now Im glad I kno
30、w a little French. ?other / others / the other / the others / another another表示“三者以上另外任何一个” another还可以和基数词或不定代词连用表示“另外的”、“外加的”之意译作“还”、“再”、“又” 。如: Well have to wait another two hours. others和the others不能作定语; 7 the other(作定语)和the others表示剩下的都; the other还可以表示“两者中的另一个” 。 ?含有some, any, no, every等构成的复合不定代
31、词 复合不定代词必须注意三点: ?复合不定代词的修饰语后置; ?复合不定代词作主语时谓语一般用单数; ?复合不定代词一般不和of连用。如: Theres nothing interesting in todays newspaper. Everything goes well. 注意:not和every, both, all及always等连用时，表示“不都”，为部分否定。如: Alls not gold that glitters. (七)关系代词、连接代词等请参阅相关部分 8 冠 词 第一部分:知识要点 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词或形容词之前，帮助说明名词或形容词的含义。冠词分定冠词和不定冠
32、词两种。在考试时冠词可以从以下三个方面来考虑:?用不用冠词?用定冠词还是用不定冠词?用不定冠词时是用a还是用an 。 (一)不用冠词的情况: ?不可数名词之前一般不用冠词。如: Water is necessary to life. ?名词之前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等修饰时不用冠词。如: This is . my bike?复数名词表示一类人或物时。如: Monkeys cant swim. Spring is here. It is time to plant trees. ?表示季节、月份、星期等的名词前。如: We dont have classes on Sundays. 但
33、如表示某年的某个季节或月份，则需要加冠词。如: In the winter of 1981 they built the house. ?称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前。如: Comrade Li is an engineer. ?表示节日、假日等的名词前。如: March the 8th is Womens Day. 但在表示中国传统的节日的名词之前往往要加冠词。如: the Spring Festival; the Mid-Autumn Festival ?表示三餐的名词前。如: He went to school without breakfast this morning. ?在动词p
34、lay后表示球类运动和棋类游戏等的名词前。如: My brother likes to play football. ?学科名词前一般不用冠词。如: At school we have Chinese, English, maths, physics, chemistry and other subjects. 但:The English language is very important. Whats the English for baozi ? Its newspaper. ?man表示“人类”，word表示“消息”society“社会”nature“自然界”时前面不加冠词。如:Wor
35、d came that our team had won. ?turn/go做连系动词时，做表语的单数名词前不加冠词。如: He has turned painter. ?as引导让步状语从句时。表语如是单数名词，则名词前不加冠词(表语要前置)。如 Child as he is, he knows a lot. ?在某些固定词组前。如: at school / home / night/ dawn / dusk / midnight / sunrise / sunset / midday / first / last / once / most / work / war / table by
36、car / bus / train / plane / ship / spaceship / jeep / air / water / land / 9 sea / hand go to bed / school / college / university / church on time / foot / holiday / vacation / purpose / show / exhibition / trial / strike in time / bed / secret / silence/ peace/ place / order / trouble / use/ hospit
37、al / prison / danger / hope of / front of / back of (二)定冠词的用法: ?特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。如: The book on the desk is mine. Beijing is the capital of China. ?指谈话双方都了解的人或物。如: Where is the teacher? Please open the door for me. ?指上文提到过的人或物。如: There was a chair in the middle of the room. On the chair sat
38、a woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was fat. ?用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如: Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. He lives on the fifth floor. ?用在单数名词之前表示一类。如: The lion is a kind of animal. ?用在世界上独一无二的事物(主要是表示天文或地理现象的名词)前。如: The sun is much larger than the earth. the West Lake, the Pacific
39、Ocean ?用表示方位的名词前。如: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ?用在由普通名词，专有名词组成的专有名词前。如: the Peoples Republic of China, the United States ?用在姓氏复数名词前，表示全家人(作主语时谓语一般用复数形式)。如: The Greens have gone to the countryside. ?用在形容词或分词前表示一类人或物。如: the dead, the living, the poor, the blind, the old, the young
40、, the wounded ?用在“动词，宾语，介词，the ， 身体部位”这一结构中。如: Tom hit Bob in the face. ?用在表示整十的数词的复数前表示多少年代。如: in the 1980s, in the 1860s ?用在表示计量单位的名词之前。如: Eggs are sold by the dozen. ?用在表示科学发明的名词之前。如: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. ?用在很多习贯说法中。如: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the even
41、ing, etc. (三)不定冠词的用法: 10 ?指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人何物。如: He picked a tool and began to work. ?表示一类事物中的一个成员。如: She wants to be an actress. ?表示一类人或物。如: A plane is a machine that can fly. ?表示“每一” 。如: We have three meals a day. ?表示数量“一” ，但语气没有one强。如: -Can a boy lift the box? -No, but a man can. ?加在人名或地名前表示“某一”、“
42、有个”或“一个具有某种特征的人或物” 。如: A Mr. Smith wants to see you. Zhang Huan is a Lei Feng in our class. ?用在抽象名词或物质名词前使其具体化。如: I think its an honor to be asked to make a speech here. Id like a coffee and two milks. ?用在序数词之前表示“又一、再一”，常译为“又”、“再”、“还”。如: There is a third boy. He is very tall. Since youve failed four
43、 times, why not try a fifth time. ?用在最高级之前表示“非常”。如: Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city. ?用在某些固定词组中。如: a few, a little, a bit of, a lot of, a kind of (四)a用在以辅音(指音素)开头的单词前，an用在以元音开头的单词前。如: There is an h, an o, a u and an r in the word hour. 注意下列说法: an hour / honour / honest boy / X-ray examinati
44、on a useful tool / UN report / university (student) / European (country) / one-eyed camel 注:在英语里，有时用不用冠词或用定冠词还是用不定冠词，意义大不一样。如: little很少(表否定) a little有些(表肯定) few很少(表否定) a few有些(表肯定) at table在吃饭 at the table在桌旁 by day(乘)白天 by the day按日计算 by sea由海路 by the sea在海边 on fire失火 on the fire在火上 go to school上学
45、go to the school去这学校 out of question毫无问题 out of the question不可能的 in charge of主管，负责(表主动) in the charge of由.负责 three of us我们中的三人 the three of us我们三人 of age成年的 of an age同龄的 of the age当代 11 形 容 词 副 词 第一部分:知识要点 一、形容词副词的构成及用法区别 ?由形容词变副词的方法 ly。如: ?直接加-brave?bravely ?辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i之后再加-ly。如: easy?easily ?但以辅
46、音字母加y结尾的单音节形容词直接加-ly。如: slyly shy?shyly, sly?以le结尾的形容词去e加-y。如: terrible?terribly, possible?possibly。但whole?wholly ?以-ic结尾的词加-ally。如: historic?historically; basic?basically ?有些形容词和副词同形。如: hard, enough, straight, long等 ?此外还有些形容词变副词时为不规则变化。如: good?well ?有些形容词有两种副词形式。一种是与形容词形式相同，另一种是加-ly。但其用法不同。如:wide/widely, high/highly, deep/deeply等。其中没有ly的比较具体，而有ly的表示抽象概念或修饰形容词或过去分词。如: Deeply moved by his moving deeds, the students were working harder. English is widely used. 注:少数以-ly结尾的词仍是形容词，如:shapely(好看的), lovely, friendly, orderly, motherly, brotherly, manly, homely, costly, soldierly,