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1、2015高考化学选择题解题技巧高考化学选择题解题技巧：解好化学选择题，积累一定的解题经验，掌握一定的解题规律，学会一定的解题技巧，这对于学生来说是非常重要的，特别是这种题型正在被各种考试广泛应用，应引起我们的充分重视。1、准确审题 要字斟句酌这一点谈起来容易，然而学生在考试中由此造成的错误却屡见不鲜，解选择题时不审好题，似是而非就下笔，（特别是在考试中）最容易造成错误。如：例1、用0.1molNa、Mg、Al三种金属分别与100ml0.1mol/L的盐酸反应，在标准状况下制得氢气最多的是（ ） A、Na B、Mg C、Al D、三者一样多当酸足量时，自然是铝产生的氢气最多，但此题所给的酸恰恰就
2、不是足量的，应该选D。对这样的题，许多学生出错，毛病就出自审题不细上。要认真阅读全题，决不读一半就解题。先通读再细读，关键字句反复推敲，直到题意领会准确。例2、甲、乙、丙三种溶液各含一种X（X为Cl、Br或I）离子，向甲中加入淀粉溶液和氯水，则溶液变为橙色，再加入丙溶液，颜色无明显变化，则甲、乙、丙依次含（ ） A、Br、Cl、I B、Br、I、Cl C、I、Br、Cl D、Cl、I、Br分析：向甲中加入淀粉和氯水，溶液变为橙色为Br2的颜色，故知含Br，不含I，因为I被置换出I2能使淀粉溶液呈蓝色，再加丙溶液颜色无明显变化，说明丙也不含I，只能含Cl。故答案为B。2、弄清概念对基本概念要掌握
3、准确，理解透彻，这是学生的一项基本功，概念模糊，关键时就不敢“确认”，考试时就会造成错误。某些选择题常常带有一定的迷惑性，对此，基本概念是否清晰就成为正确解题的一个关键。如：例3、下列物质中，最不稳定的是（ ） A、CH3F B、CH3Cl C、CH3Br D、CH3I学生可能有的解题思路有两种：一是分子间作用力，D最大A最小；沸点，D最高A最低；二是键能，A最大D最小；A最稳定D最不稳定，化学稳定性由键能决定，因此选D，如分子间作用力与键能概念不清，极容易错。基本概念的掌握决不单靠死记硬背，越靠死记硬背的人，考试时就越易出错，二要强调准确，三要强调熟练，如：“四同”同位素、同素异形体、同系物
4、、同分异构体。“二量”同位素原子量，元素平均原子量，等等，不但要懂要准，而且要熟，应用自如。3、抓住关键选择题在叙述时有一定的技巧，语言简捷，不是在向你说明什么，就是向你隐藏着什么，没有用的话不会说，抓不住关键，就很难做对，如：例4、用MnO2和浓HCl反应制取Cl2，当有4mol氯化氢被氧化生成氯气，这些氯气在标准状况下是（ ） A、22.4L B、11.2L C、44.8L D、89.6L 发生反应为MnO2+4HCl=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O有4molHCl参加反应，其中有2mol被氧化，关键在于抓住“被氧化”三个字，应选C，又如： 例5、下列符合NO3NO这一给定关系的是（ ）A、
5、NH4+NH3 B、2BrBr2 C、SO42SO2 D、HCO3CO2四个变化关系都与NO3NO有一定联系，题中给定的关系是什么？仔细推敲，就不难发现，这一给定关系是NO3中N的化合价下降，转化为符合这种关系，能看出它要求的是化合价下降，就是解体的关键。、要全面分析整体把握例、现有氧气、二氧化氮的混合气体，被水充分吸收后，剩余气体，原混合气体的组成是（） 、N29mlO23ml B、NO210mlO22ml C、NO210.8mlO21.2ml D、NO28mlO24ml分析：本题没有明确NO2和O2的量的关系，因此有两种可能，一是氧气过量，混合气体被水吸收4NO2+O2+2H2O=4HNO
6、3，剩余氧气，通过计算VNO2=8ml，VO2=4ml；另一是二氧化氮过量，混合气体被水吸收4NO2+O2+2H2O=4HNO3，3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO，经计算得VNO2=10.8ml，VO2=1.2ml。例7、t时ag某物质的不饱和溶液中含g溶质，从该溶液中蒸发掉bg水并恢复到t时，可析出1g溶质；从原溶液中蒸发掉cg水并恢复到t时，可析出2g溶质，用表示该物质在t时的溶解度，下列式子中正确的是（）、S=(100m)/(am) B、S=(100m2)/c C、S=100(m1m2)/(bc) D、S=100(mm1)/(ab) 分析：由题可知，当蒸发掉水量相差（bc）g时，析出的
7、溶质相差（m1m2)g即由（m1m2)g溶质和（bc）g水形成的溶液为饱和溶液。根据溶解度概念得S/100=（m1m2)/（bc），则S=100(m1m2)/(bc)5、寻找规律选择题题型多样，题型多变，虽变化，也有它的内在规律，特别是遇到题型比较生疏的，再加上有一点难度的，学生就会手忙脚乱，不知所措，这时最重要的是理清思路，寻找规律，题本身也可能就不十分难做了。如：例8、等质量的CaCO3与KHCO3分别跟等质量等浓度的盐酸反应，酸过量，下列说法错误的是（ ） A、反应后两溶液中盐的百分含量相同 B、反应时KHCO3放出气体的速度快 C、反应后放出气体一样多 D、反应后两种溶液质量不变初看，
8、此题颇有一点难度，经反复阅读，就会找到该题特点：CaCO3与KHCO3分子量相等；CaCO3与KHCO3完全反应；二者生成的CO2质量相等；反应后所得溶液质量相等；生成的CaCl2与KCl质量不等；KHCO3的反应比CaCO3快，经这样分析，就找到了规律，应选A和D。6、排除干扰解题时切忌思维的片面性，有时需要把几个因素放在一起来综合思考，如压强和温度，溶解和结晶等，有时还要排除题目设置的干扰，才能得出正确的结论，如：例9、SO2与Cl2都有漂白作用，若将等物质的量的这两种气体同时作用于潮湿的有色物质，此时可观察到有色物质（ ）A、立即褪色 B、慢慢褪色 C、先褪色后复原 D、颜色不褪干扰就在
9、于SO2与Cl2共存，应考虑到它们之间的反应：SO2+Cl2+H2O=H2SO4+2HCl，漂白能力消失，应选D。想不到此，就很难对。7、寻找捷径对一道选择题，各种解法间有繁简之别，许多同学满足于能做出来，而在解法上不愿再做探讨，这未必是聪明的，解体时没有速度，是许多同学的缺点，不能不引起注意，如果在解法上多留神，尽可能总结出一些好方法来，这些方法虽不见得那么“正规”，却往往能解燃眉之急，加快解体速度。如：例10、常温常压下，五种气态烃各1L，分别在空气中充分燃烧，耗氧最多的是（ ）A、甲烷 B、乙烷 C、乙烯 D、乙炔 有经验的同学一眼就可以看出来应选B，因为在同体积时乙烷碳和氢都最多，当然
10、耗氧也是最多，解法多么迅捷。如果一一写出反应方程式，再根据方程式判断耗氧量，岂不过于繁琐，当然，此题答案过于明显，如果不那么明显，就不一定能够一眼看出，如C2H6与C3H4前者氢多，后者碳多，直接就不易看出来，由烃类燃烧方程式CxHy+（x+y/4）O2xCO2+y/2H2O看，耗氧量为（x+y/4），以此作判断标准，不难得出C2H6需3.5LO2，C3H4要4LO2，如有机物分子中含氧，则反应CxHyOz+（x+y/4z/2）O2xCO2+y/2H2O，耗氧量为（x+y/4z/2），据此作判断，又快又准。 8、注意非常规法照本宣科，照抄例题，思维上1、2、3、4，步骤上A、B、C、D，死套公
11、式，题越做越死，越学越怕，路越走越窄，应鼓励学生打破常规，发挥独创性，这就是非常规法。如：例11、下列微粒中，其质子数和电子数与HS相同的是（ ） A、K+ B、S2 C、Cl D、Ar按常规解法，应先算出HS质子数17，电子数18，然后再一一算出由A到D各微粒的质子数和电子数，再经比较，既麻烦又费时，如果你仔细看HS，就会发现它的电子数比质子数多一个，符合条件的，只有C，省略了全部计算。又如：例12、已知某元素最高价的值是最低化合价绝对值的3倍，且其最高价氧化物分子量与其气态氢化物分子量之比为2.35：1，该元素是（ ） A、碳 B、磷 C、硫 D、氧按常规解法，由题意知该元素最高价为+6价
12、，最低价为2价，设该元素R的原子量为R，则有（R+48）/（R+2）=2.35/1，解得R=32，选C，如不按常规，由R为+6价推定R应为A族，排除了A、B的可能性，再以D不可能存在氧化物，故答案必为C，哪种方法繁，哪种方法简不难看出。“养套杀”吴莫愁式快速提分三部曲： 养眼，高频考点、答案词，应试技巧及其关联暗示点的串联与并联密码 套用，建模套用做题，模拟题与真题整体答题三点式套用法则 秒杀，5秒秒杀答案，无瑕疵迅捷提分（满分）VIP体系2014吴军高考英语“三天三夜”迅捷提分秘术完形填空DNA解密 艺考生、体考生的救命稻草！突破130分，快速提高30分的锦囊妙计！速度与激情，2014年吴军
13、高分英语有重大突破! 甄教案，真高分！完形思路“疯狂”创新范本，“无人牵引解决方案”全面落实! 2011年的高分密码，2012年的高频答案词，2013年的秒杀秘术，完成了迅捷提分的通路，大家通过记住600-800个高频单词就完成了3天提分的梦想!但有些同学，虽然记住了单词，到完形整篇文章做题时，不会运用，甚至可能遇到2-3个高频答案词同时出现，而自己又不会翻译，这时提分的幅度就会大打折扣！今天吴军老师总结了139个暗示点（600-800个单词的语境串联与并联），将20年内高考真题或模拟题内全部高频词汇进行了汇总，通过语境串联及并联的方式，彻底解决了您“记不住单词”，尤其是“不会运用”的问题，让
14、各种答题技巧，高频考点，单词记忆法及生硬的高频答案词不再受宠! 以后妈妈再也不用担心你的学习了,so easy! 左手拿着“吴军高分英语”打火机，右手拿着高考真题及模拟题，哪里不会点哪里,.! 名师吴军暗示点1 相同的、类似的 / 不同的 （答案解析详见购买的自学教案，此处省略）same similar different / various / separate / alone / apart / notbut / change(able)difference / similarity（betweenand）/ a variety of / a range of-2013江苏卷I wante
15、d it and worked toward it like everyone else, all of us 36 chasing the same thing.One year, through a series of unhappy events, it all fell 37 . I found myself homeless and alone. I had my truck and $56. 36. A. separately B. equallyC. violentlyD. naturally37. A. offB. apartC. overD. out2013浙江卷I love
16、 how peole 37 seem so different, but end up being so 38 . The most valuabe lesson I gain from studying in France wasnt just to respect the French people 39 to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away. 38. A. generous B. independent C. similarD. distant2012上海卷The d
17、egree of _60 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important.For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. 60. A. similarity B. friendship C. cooperation D. contact2013江苏卷They dropped off blankets, candles, and tool
18、s, and began 45 around to chat. They started to teach me a belief in a 46 American Dreamnot the one of individual achievement but of 47 .46. A. wildB. realC. different D. remote【2013新课标II卷】 It runs in the 33 .Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier. Michael Gre
19、enberg feels the 34 .A pair of gloves may be a 35 thing, but it can make a big difference in winter.34.A.honor B. pain C. same D. cold2013四川卷But she is so 23 that she never lets anyone put her down. “You shouldnt 24 what people say about what you look like because were not different from anyone else
20、, Holly,” she 25 me. “And you dont need to wear a scarf because you look great 26 it!” For the first time in my life I could speak to someone whod been through something 27 . So weeks later, at my 13th birthday party, 28 by her bravery, I gave up my scarf and showed off my scars. It felt amazing not
21、 having to 29 away behind my scarf. 27. A. similar B. strange C. hard D. important 2005重庆卷Hidden passengers traveling in ships, trams, or even cars can be a terrible trouble especially when they are insects. As for this, there is a great _36_ between human beings and insects. 36. A. connection B. di
22、fference C. communication D. similarity 2000北京春季卷I can read and write as well as anyone else my age, and I can think better. Thats probably a real big _24_ between the free school and regular school ?the amount of _25_. 24. A. problem B. chance C. difference D. change名师吴军暗示点2（答案解析详见购买的自学教案，此处省略） 结论性
23、动词: show / suggest / find / prove / decide / see 结论性情态动词: can /could 结论性时态及从句连接词：完成时, 过去时, how，why及转折关系but, though, however。 结论性形容词或副词: (1).so / therefore / accordingly / as a result / finally（eventually最后) / satisfied / proud 看到can和want to一般要填because, so或if。另sothat (can)搭配！Im washing a dogs hurt le
24、g. I work carefully, because I want to make sure I dont do anything to hurt him. I wish they could understand that were just trying to help them. They asked if he wanted to go home. But Bozo said no. so the fishermen wished Bozo well and left him alone again-just as his father had eighty-four years
25、before. It can also influence the way we behave with our families. so how do we deal with our problems ? There are many ways and here is one of them. (2).Sure(ly) / certain(ly) / of course / indeed / actual(ly) =in fact, really, truly(3).obvious = clear =apparent 明显的 / obviously =clearly =apparently
26、(4).surprised/amazed/surprising(ly) =amazing(ly), shocked ,astonished震惊的 Most people on this island are recreational fishers，andobviously，fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.Im not surprised that he became a writer. Even as a child he had a clear imagination.-2013重庆卷Since then, Joe st
27、arted 45 . Though he never made it to the top, his math teacher was always 46 and curious about the change: Why had that stormy day changed Joe?46.A. worried B. amazed C. friendly D. cautious 2013安徽卷Learning a new language is never _53_. But with some work and devotion, youll make progress. And youl
28、l be _54_ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in _55_ own language. Good luck!54. A. blamed B. amazed C. interrupted D. informed【2013广东A卷】Number sense is not the ability to count. It is the ability to recognize a 1 in number. Human beings are born with this ability.
29、 2 ，experiments show that many animals are, too.For example, many birds have good number sense. If a nest has four eggs and you remove one,the bird will not 3 .However,if you remove two, the bird 4 leaves. This means that the bird knows the 5 between two and three. Another interesting experiment sho
30、wed a birds 6 number sense. A man was trying to take a photo of a crow(乌鸦)that had a nest in a tower, but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not 7 until the man left the tower. The man had an 8 .He took another man with him to the tower. One man left and the other stayed, but
31、 they did not 9 the bird.The crow stayed away until the second man left, too. The experiment was 10 with three men and then with four men. But the crow did not return to the nest until all the men were 11 .It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12 able to foo
32、l the crow. 2.A. Importantly B.Surprisingly C. Disappointedly D. Fortunately 6. A.amazing B.annoying C.satisfying D.disturbing 12.A. graduallyB. luckily C. strangely D. finally 2013浙江卷I left France with many 34 , so when people ask me what my favorite part of the trip was, they are always 35 to hear
33、 me talk about my Brazilian friend Paolo and the scores of weekdays in class, weeknights on the town, and weekends 36 France we enjoyed together. 35. A. surprisedB. disturbedC. embarrassedD. concerned2013山东卷Every time I came into her room, she was so 48 because she thought I was her daughter. Her re
34、al daughter never 49 her, so I took her place. She let me 50 that making others feel good make me feel good, too, when she died, I was 51 , but I was very grateful to her. 50. A. explain B. guessC. declareD. see2013湖南卷I ran to _43_ behind a big tree in our yard at once. After a while, I was _44_ the
35、 girls had passed by. I dashed to the front door and banged on it loudly. 44. A. sure B. proud C. eager D. curious2012湖北卷Happy as a child, I got on the bicycle and headed out onto the streets. After some time, I 37 at the other end of the town. I was 38 that this simple vehicle could let me 39 long
36、distances in a fairly short time. But how 40 did I really go?38.A. amazed B. amused C. confused D. concerned2012北京卷I believe I stayed in a state of pleasant disbelief _43_ I was halfway through rehearsals (排练) on my first day. I never actually _44_ to get the job. After being offered the position, I
37、 was completely _45_. I remember shaking with excitement.45.A. motivated B. relaxed C. convinced D. astonished2012广东卷However, some people argue that rules may be _14_, having observed that rules change all the time, and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones so who is
38、 to _15_ what is right ?15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider 2011湖北卷Jasmina never got the chance to do it,” says Maja, now 32, “so I 34 that someday Id do it for her.34. A. pretended B. decided C. perfected D. agreed 2001全国卷Russian scientist said that the Abominable Snowman was _14_ and w
39、as a remaining link with the prehistoric humans. But, _15_, no evidence has ever_16_been produced. 16. A. rightly B. actually C. normally D. particularly2003安徽春季卷He went to the clerk to _14_ his ticket. The clerk looked at the ticket with_15_. “Why, sir, but your flight was at nine oclock in the mor
40、ning, and _16_ it is eight in the evening.”15. A. astonishment B. patience C. respect D. delight 2003全国卷I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most _1_ and tiring games Ive ever had. When Ed first phoned and _2_ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an _3_ vi
41、ctory.1. A. encouraging B. hopeless C. surprising D. regular2004上海卷The law of over learning explains why cramming for an examination, _62_ it may result in a passing grade, is not a _63_way to learn a school course.63. A. convenient B. demanding C. satisfactory D. swift2002全国卷He burst out laughing a
42、nd said, “Why, you fool, he used his _17_ and asked for them. Ive been _18_ that on all my customers today, but I knew _19_ Id catch you.” ”Why is that?” I asked.19. A. for sure B. at onceC. in fact D. right now 1998全国卷It seemed that there was _13_ suitable work for him. So he _14_ to join the army.
43、 Mrs. Fant was so _15_ about this that she told the _16_ to all her neighbours. 14. A. began B. promised C. managed D. decided1997全国卷Just _18_, Todd saw the headlights coming at him and a car pulled in for _19_. There it was, a white Ford. He saw the _20_, LJR 1939. “What should I do?” Todd had to m
44、ake a quick _21_. “Yes, sir?” Todd _22_ while making up his mind for sure. 21. A. decision B. call C. movement D. remark1994全国卷Now he was _8_ he could do _9_ only a balancing pole. Philippe walked his way across, a _10_ of 131 feet.8. A. sure B. uncertain C. glad D. nervous1992全国卷In 1964, a Russian scientist said that the Abominable Snowma