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1、2014年高考生物一轮复习知识点汇总必修1 第一节 细胞中的原子和分子 一、组成细胞的原子和分子 1、细胞中含量最多的6种元素是C、H、O、N、P、Ca(98%)。 、组成生物体的基本元素:C元素。(碳原子间以共价键构成的碳链，碳链是生物构成生物大分子的基本骨架，称2为有机物的碳骨架。) 3、缺乏必需元素可能导致疾病。如:克山病(缺硒) 4、生物界与非生物界的统一性和差异性 统一性:组成生物体的化学元素，在无机自然界都可以找到，没有一种元素是生物界特有的。 差异性:组成生物体的化学元素在生物体和自然界中含量相差很大。 二、细胞中的无机化合物:水和无机盐 1、水:(1)含量:占细胞总重量的60%
2、-90%，是活细胞中含量是最多的物质。 (2)形式:自由水、结合水 , 自由水:是以游离形式存在，可以自由流动的水。作用有?良好的溶剂;?参与细胞内生化反应;?物质运输;?维持细胞的形态;?体温调节 (在代谢旺盛的细胞中，自由水的含量一般较多) , 结合水:是与其他物质相结合的水。作用是组成细胞结构的重要成分。 (结合水的含量增多，可以使植物的抗逆性增强) 、无机盐 2(1)存在形式:离子 (2)作用 ?与蛋白质等物质结合成复杂的化合物。 2+2+-(如Mg是构成叶绿素的成分、Fe是构成血红蛋白的成分、I是构成甲状腺激素的成分。 ?参与细胞的各种生命活动。(如钙离子浓度过低肌肉抽搐、过高肌肉乏
3、力) 第二节 细胞中的生物大分子 一、糖类 1、元素组成:由C、H、O 3种元素组成。 2、分类 概 念 种 类 分 布 主 要 功 能 核糖 组成核酸的物质 单糖 不能水解的糖 脱氧核糖 动植物细胞 葡萄糖 细胞的重要能源物质 蔗糖 水解后能够生成二分植物细胞 二糖 麦芽糖 子单糖的糖 乳糖 动物细胞 淀粉 植物细胞中的储能物质 水解后能够生成许多植物细胞 多糖 纤维素 植物细胞壁的基本组成成分 个单糖分子的糖 糖原 动物细胞 动物细胞中的储能物质 附:二糖与多糖的水解产物: 蔗糖?1葡萄糖+1果糖 麦芽糖?2葡萄糖 乳糖?1葡萄糖+ 1半乳糖 淀粉?麦芽糖?葡萄糖 纤维素?纤维二糖?葡萄糖
4、糖原?葡萄糖 3、功能:糖类是生物体维持生命活动的主要能量来源。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of
5、irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water i
6、s less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the
7、 microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, i
8、rrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes abou
9、t a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn
10、 dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application (另:能参与细胞识别，细胞间物质运输和免疫功能的调节等生命活动。) 4(糖的鉴定: (1)淀粉遇碘液变蓝色，这是淀粉特有的颜色反应。 (2)还原性
11、糖(单糖、麦芽糖和乳糖)与斐林试剂在隔水加热条件下，能够生成砖红色沉淀。 斐林试剂: 配制:0.1g/mL的NaOH溶液(2mL)+ 0.05g/mL CuSO4溶液(4-5滴) 使用:混合后使用，且现配现用。二、脂质 1、元素组成:主要由C、H、O组成(C/H比例高于糖类)，有些还含N、P 2、分类:脂肪、类脂(如磷脂)、固醇(如胆固醇、性激素、维生素D等) 3(功能: 脂肪:细胞代谢所需能量的主要储存形式。 类脂中的磷脂:是构成生物膜的重要物质。 固醇:在细胞的营养、调节、和代谢中具有重要作用。 4、 脂肪的鉴定:脂肪可以被苏丹?染液染成橘黄色。 (在实验中用50%酒精洗去浮色?显微镜观察
12、?橘黄色脂肪颗粒) 三、蛋白质 1、元素组成:除C、H、O、N外，大多数蛋白质还含有S 2、基本组成单位:氨基酸(组成蛋白质的氨基酸约20种) 氨基酸结构通式: 氨基和羧基 氨基酸的判断: ?同时有?至少有一个氨基和一个羧基连在同一个碳原子上。 (组成蛋白质的20种氨基酸的区别:R基的不同) 3(形成:许多氨基酸分子通过脱水缩合形成肽键(-CO-NH-)相连而成肽链，多条肽链盘曲折叠形成有功能的蛋白质 二肽:由2个氨基酸分子组成的肽链。 多肽:由n(n?3)个氨基酸分子以肽键相连形成的肽链。 蛋白质结构的多样性的原因:组成蛋白质多肽链的氨基酸的种类、数目、排列顺序的不同; (构成蛋白质的多肽链
13、的数目、空间结构不同 (4(计算: 一个蛋白质分子中肽键数(脱去的水分子数),氨基酸数 , 肽链条数。 一个蛋白质分子中至少含有氨基数(或羧基数)=肽链条数 (5(功能:生命活动的主要承担者。(注意有关蛋白质的功能及举例) 6(蛋白质鉴定:与双缩脲试剂产生紫色的颜色反应 双缩脲试剂:配制:0.1g/mL的NaOH溶液(2mL)和0.01g/mL CuSO4溶液(3-4滴) 使用:分开使用，先加NaOH溶液，再加CuSO4溶液。 四、核酸 1、元素组成:由C、H、O、N、P 5种元素构成 2、基本单位:核苷酸(由1分子磷酸+1分子五碳糖+1分子含氮碱基组成) while the lawn is
14、still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requiremen
15、ts are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil,
16、irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration
17、and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, ea
18、rly spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in
19、 the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertili
20、zed. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 1分子磷酸 脱氧核苷酸 1分子脱氧核糖 (4种) 1分子含氮碱基(A、T、G、C) 1分子磷酸 核糖核苷酸 1分子核糖 (4种) 1分子含氮碱基(A、U、G、C) 3、种类:脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和 核糖核酸(RNA) 种类 英文缩写 基本组成单位
21、 存在场所 脱氧核糖核酸 DNA 脱氧核苷酸(4种) 主要在细胞核中 (在叶绿体和线粒体中有少量存在) 核糖核酸 RNA 核糖核苷酸(4种) 主要存在细胞质中 4、生理功能:储存遗传信息，控制蛋白质的合成。 (原核、真核生物遗传物质都是DNA，病毒的遗传物质是DNA或RNA。) 第三节 生命活动的基本单位细胞 一、细胞学说的建立和发展 , 发明显微镜的科学家是荷兰的列文?虎克; , 发现细胞的科学家是英国的胡克; , 创立细胞学说的科学家是德国的施莱登和施旺。施旺、施莱登提出“一切动物和植物都是由细胞构成的，细胞是一切动植物的基本单位”。 细胞只能来自细胞”，细胞是一个相对独立的生命活动的基本
22、单位。这被, 在此基础上德国的魏尔肖总结出:“认为是对细胞学说的重要补充。 二、光学显微镜的使用 1、方法: 先对光:一转转换器;二转聚光器;三转反光镜 再观察:一放标本孔中央;二降物镜片上方;三升镜筒仔细看 2、注意: (1)放大倍数,物镜的放大倍数目镜的放大倍数 (2)物镜越长，放大倍数越大 目镜越短，放大倍数越大 “物镜玻片标本”越短，放大倍数越大 (3)物像与实际材料上下、左右都是颠倒的 (4)高倍物镜使用顺序: 低倍镜?标本移至中央?高倍镜?大光圈，凹面镜?细准焦螺旋 (5)污点位置的判断:移动或转动法 第四节 细胞的类型和结构 一、细胞的类型 原核细胞:没有典型的细胞核，无核膜和核
23、仁。如细菌、蓝藻、放线菌等原核生物的细胞。 真核细胞:有核膜包被的明显的细胞核。如动物、植物和真菌(酵母菌、霉菌、食用菌)等真核生物的细胞。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements in第 3 页 共 10 页 crease at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also
24、 causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same
25、 period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only c
26、an add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant mat
27、erial, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. Gen
28、eral lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff
29、that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application二、细胞的结构 (细胞膜 1(1)组成:主要为
30、磷脂双分子层(基本骨架)和蛋白质，另有糖蛋白(在膜的外侧)。 (2)结构特点:具有一定的流动性(原因:磷脂和蛋白质的运动); 功能特点:具有选择通透性。 (3)功能:保护和控制物质进出 2(细胞壁:主要成分是纤维素，有支持和保护功能。 3(细胞质:细胞质基质和细胞器 (1)细胞质基质:为代谢提供场所和物质和一定的环境条件，影响细胞的形状、分裂、运动及细胞器的转运等。 (2)细胞器: , 线粒体(双层膜):内膜向内突起形成“嵴”，细胞有氧呼吸的主要场所(第二、三阶段)，含少量DNA。 , 叶绿体(双层膜):只存在于植物的绿色细胞中。类囊体上有色素，类囊体和基质中含有与光合作用有关的酶，是光合作用
31、的场所。含少量的DNA。 , 内质网(单层膜):是有机物的合成“车间”，蛋白质运输的通道。 , 高尔基体(单层膜):动物细胞中与分泌物的形成有关，植物中与有丝分裂细胞壁的形成有关。 , 液泡(单层膜):泡状结构，成熟的植物有大液泡。功能:贮藏(营养、色素等)、保持细胞形态，调节渗透吸水。 , 核糖体(无膜结构):合成蛋白质的场所。 , 中心体(无膜结构):由垂直的两个中心粒构成，与动物细胞有丝分裂有关。 小结: ? 双层膜的细胞器:线粒体、叶绿体 ? 单层膜的细胞器:内质网、高尔基体、液泡 ?非膜的细胞器:核糖体、中心体; ? 含有少量DNA的细胞器:线粒体、叶绿体 ? 含有色素的细胞器:叶绿
32、体、液泡 ?动、植物细胞的区别:动物特有中心体;高等植物特有细胞壁、叶绿体、液泡。 4(细胞核 (1)组成:核膜、核仁、染色质 (2)核膜:双层膜，有核孔(细胞核与细胞质之间的物质交换通道，RNA、蛋白质等大分子进出必须通过核孔。) (3)核仁:在细胞有丝分裂中周期性的消失(前期)和重建(末期) (4)染色质:被碱性染料染成深色的物质，主要由DNA和蛋白质组成 染色质和染色体的关系:细胞中同一种物质在不同时期的两种表现形态 (5)功能:是遗传物质DNA的储存和复制的主要场所，是细胞遗传特性和细胞代谢活动的控制中心。 (6)原核细胞与真核细胞根本区别:是否具有成形的细胞核(是否具有核膜) 5(细
33、胞的完整性:细胞只有保持以上结构完整性，才能完成各种生命活动。 第五节 物质的跨膜运输 一、物质跨膜运输的方式: 1、小分子物质跨膜运输的方式: 方式 浓度 载体 能量 举例 意义 被简单 O、CO、水、乙醇、甘22只能从高到低被动地吸高?低 动扩散 油、脂肪酸 收或排出物质 运易化 高?低 ? 葡萄糖进入红细胞 输 扩散 各种离子，小肠吸收葡一般从低到高主动地吸主动 低?高 ? ? 萄糖、氨基酸，肾小管收或排出物质，以满足运输 重吸收葡萄糖 生命活动的需要。 2、大分子和颗粒性物质跨膜运输的方式: 大分子和颗粒性物质通过内吞作用进入细胞，通过外排作用向外分泌物质。 二、实验:观察植物细胞的质
34、壁分离和复原 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, gras
35、s types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltrati
36、on capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosyn
37、thesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, shou
38、ld be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; v
39、igorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows,
40、 portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 实验原理:原生质层(细胞膜、液泡膜、两层膜之间细胞质)相当于半透膜， , 当外界溶液的浓度大于细胞液浓度时，细胞将失水，原生质层和细胞壁都会收缩，但原生质层伸缩性比细胞壁大，所以原生质层就会与细胞壁
41、分开，发生“质壁分离”。 , 反之，当外界溶液的浓度小于细胞液浓度时，细胞将吸水，原生质层会慢慢恢复原来状态，使细胞发生“质壁分离复原”。 材料用具:紫色洋葱表皮，0.3g/ml蔗糖溶液，清水，载玻片，镊子，滴管，显微镜等 方法步骤: (1)制作洋葱表皮临时装片。 (2)低倍镜下观察原生质层位置。 (3)在盖玻片一侧滴一滴蔗糖溶液，另一侧用吸水纸吸，重复几次，让洋葱表皮浸润在蔗糖溶液中。 (4)低倍镜下观察原生质层位置、细胞大小变化(变小)，观察细胞是否发生质壁分离。 (5)在盖玻片一侧滴一滴清水，另一侧用吸水纸吸，重复几次，让洋葱表皮浸润在清水中。 (6)低倍镜下观察原生质层位置、细胞大小变
42、化(变大)，观察是否质壁分离复原。 实验结果: 细胞液浓度,外界溶液浓度 细胞失水(质壁分离) 细胞液浓度,外界溶液浓度 细胞吸水(质壁分离复原) 第六节 ATP和酶 一、ATP 1、功能:ATP是生命活动的直接能源物质 注:生命活动的主要的能源物质是糖类(葡萄糖); (生命活动的储备能源物质是脂肪。 (生命活动的根本能量来源是太阳能。 (2、结构: 中文名:腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(三磷酸腺苷) 构成:腺嘌呤核糖磷酸基团,磷酸基团,磷酸基团 简式: A-P,P,P (A :腺嘌呤核苷; T :3; P:磷酸基团; : 高能磷酸键，第二个高能磷酸键相当脆弱，水解时容易断裂) 3、ATP与ADP的相互转
43、化: 酶 ATP ADP，Pi，能量 注: (1)向右:表示ATP水解，所释放的能量用于各种需要能量的生命活动。 向左:表示ATP合成，所需的能量来源于生物化学反应释放的能量。 (在人和动物体内，来自细胞呼吸;绿色植物体内则来自细胞呼吸和光合作用) (2)ATP能作为直接能源物质的原因是细胞中ATP与ADP循环转变，且十分迅速。 二、酶 1、概念:酶通常是指由活细胞产生的、具有催化活性的一类特殊的蛋白质，又称为生物催化剂。(少数核酸也具有生物催化作用，它们被称为“核酶”)。 2、特性: 催化性、高效性、特异性 3、影响酶促反应速率的因素 (1)PH: 在最适pH下，酶的活性最高，pH值偏高或偏
44、低酶的活性都会明显降低。(PH过高(PH或过低，酶活性丧失) (2)温度: 在最适温度下酶的活性最高，温度偏高或偏低酶的活性都会明显降低。(温度过低，酶活性降低;温度过高，酶活性丧失) while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements in第 5 页 共 10 页 crease at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the
45、 growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigatio
46、n. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best wi
47、th the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit st
48、orage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In G