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1、1,Hazard 危害,The POTENTIAL to harm 有潜在伤害,An Event, Circumstance or Condition with the potential to harm, including ill health, injury or death, damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production losses or increased liabilities 一个事件，情况或状况有潜在伤害，包括生病，受伤或死亡，财产损失，工厂，生产或环境受损，生产损失或债务增加,Hazar
2、d and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理过程,2,Identify the Hazards 识别危害Determine: 决定what are the hazards? 危害是什么?what could go wrong?什么可能导致出错?Can someone get hurt? 会有人受伤吗？how could an incident occur? 事故会怎样发生?,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,3,Items to consider when looking
3、at potential hazards潜在的危害-去寻找什么Environment conditions: 环境状况any conditions that may be hazardous to safety or health?有哪些情况可能对安全和健康有危害?any gases, vapor, mists, fumes, or dust in area?在区域内有气体，蒸汽或灰尘吗？ventilation adequate to remove any air contaminants?充足的通风保证空气流通？any sources of heat or cold? 有热气或冷气来源吗？a
4、ny radiation sources? 有辐射源吗？adequate lighting to see the complete job? 光线是否充足？,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,4,(2) Injurious Contact: 危险接触Are there any pinch points?是不是有能夹到人的点？Can people come in contact with, be struck by moving parts of equipment? 人会接触或者被移动设备卡到吗？Is there suf
5、ficient room to work? 有足够的工作空间吗？Are energy sources controlled? 能源有得到控制吗？,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,5,(3) Over-exertion: 用力过度 Can a strain be caused by exerting?用力可能引起拉伤吗？ Does the employee have good body position?雇员的姿势正确吗?Does the job require lifting of excessive weight?工
6、作需要吊装重物吗？Does the employee twist while lifting?雇员在吊装时身体弯曲了吗？Does this job have repetitive motions?工作有重复举动吗？,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,6,(4) Slips, trips and falls: 滑倒，绊倒，跌倒Is the floor slippery?地板滑吗？Is it uneven surfaces? 表面是不是不光滑？Is there any floor opening? 地面有洞吗?Is ther
7、e any chance of a fall to another level? 有跌落的可能性吗？,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,7,No Signs / Barriers没有标识/屏障,No Signs / Barriers没有标识/屏障,Green Scaff-tag绿色脚手架牌,Scaffolding Unfit for Use!脚手架不适合使用！,8,(5) Other key Safety behaviours 其他主要的安全行为Do employees wear proper PPE? 雇员有穿劳保吗？
8、Are the correct tools available? 是否有正确的工具？Are tools correctly used? 是否正确使用工具？Is communications established? 是否沟通良好？Is preventive maintenance programme up to date? 预防维护措施是否更新？,Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)危害与影响管理程序,9,Examples are:例如Thermal热量Extreme temperatures Chemical超高的化工温度Toxic & h
9、azardous chemical毒性& 危害化学制品Loss of containment遏制损失 Biological生物Expose to harmful bacterium曝光对有害的细菌 Human fatigue人的疲劳 Kinetic运动Metal fatigue 金属疲劳Dropped objects停止项目Loss of control失去控制Environmental condition环境状况Poor visibility可见度低Slippery Road Surfaces防滑路面Human factor人为因素Incompetence无能力Violations 侵害,P
10、otential to Harm, an event, circumstance or condition一个事件，情况或状况有潜在伤害,HAZARDS 危害,JHAs,顶端事件,屏障,危害,威胁,后果,屏障,11,12,What is a Threat? 什么是威胁？,The likely CAUSE for the Hazard to be released可能释放危害的起因,13,Examples are例子是:Thermal 热量Increased production/flaring Chemical增加生产和流动的化学制品Failure due to corrosion腐蚀引起的失
11、败Improper handling of hazardous chemical不正当处理危害化学制品 Punctured container Biological被刺的容器生物Inadequate rest 休息不充分Human fatigue Kinetic人的疲劳运动Loose objects not secured宽松对象没有巩固Loss of control Environmental condition失去控制环境的条件Poor visibility Human factor不可预见性的人为因素Incompetence无能力Slips & Lapses 滑倒和流逝,A cause
12、that may release a hazard to produce a top event可能释放危害引起顶端事件,THREAT威胁,14,Examples are:例如Thermal热量Guards & Shield防护装置&防护罩Chemical化学Inhibitors, corrosion allowance, PPE抗化剂, 腐蚀容限, 劳动保护用品Biological生物Adequate rest, PPE充分的休息Kinetic运动Procedures, maintenance plan规程, 维护计划 Environmental环境Warnings, training, d
13、rills警告, 训练, 操练 Human factor人为因素Rules & procedures规则&规程,A control measure put in place to prevent threats from releasing a hazard一个控制措施，防止危害释放的威胁,BARRIER屏障,15,What is a TOP EVENT? 什么是顶端事件 ?,The Released of the Hazard when all the barriers put in place have failed当所有屏障都失效后危害得到释放,16,Examples are:例如The
14、rmal热量Exposure to extreme heat极端热量辐射 Chemical化学Loss of containment遏制损失Biological生物Loss of control失去控制Kinetic运动Falling objects物体坠落Loss of control失去控制Environmental环境Collision碰击Discharge exceed legalrequirements电核辐射超标Human factor人为因素Rules are breached规则被破坏,A Top Event is when a hazard has been released
15、, when the barriers have failed当屏障失效后危害得到释放,TOP EVENT顶端事件,17,Effect 影响,The consequence of not managing a top event 不能管理顶端事件的后果,18,Examples are:例如Abnormal operating conditions反常操作条件 maintenance mode维护方式Environmental variations环境变化extreme weather conditions极端天气情况Human error人为失误rule variations规程变化Lapse
16、s差错Exceeding response capabilities超出反应能力Maintenance failure维护失效,ESCALATIONFACTORS 恶化因素,Conditions that lead to increased escalation - things get worse after the top event!引起恶化的情况-顶端事件后事情变得更遭,19,Examples are:例如System to detect and abate incidents检测和消减系统gas, fire and smoke alarms气体、火和烟探测器 ESDsDeluge洪水
17、System to protect primary functions系统保护的主要作用fire and blast wall防风和火的隔离墙protective coating防护涂层 drain systems排泄系统Operational systems for emergency management紧急操作系统管理contingency plans后备计划training, drills训练,操练,ESCALATIONCONTROLS恶化控制措施,All technical, operational and organizational measures that limit the
18、 chain of events arising from a top event所有技术的，操作的及组织的措施，限制由顶端事件引起的事件发生,20,Examples are:例如Loss 损失of property财产of equipment设备Fatalities致命Damage 损伤Environment环境Asset财产,CONSEQUENCE 后果,The results of the escalation of a top event & failure of recovery preparedness顶端事件恶化和恢复准备措施失效的结果,22,23,Identify辨识,Cont
19、rol控制,Assess评估,RISKS TOLERABILITY & ALARP风险容忍度及合理的最低限度,Recover恢复,RECORD记录,HEMP 四步骤,24,哪些方面会出现风险？,出现风险的可能性有多大？,风险会带来哪些影响？,管理风险,了解风险风险=不良事件产生的可能性及其后果,HSE 风险管理,辨识,评估,控制,恢复,25,Identify 风险识别:在我的工作岗位上和工作中存在哪些危险因素？Assess 风险评估: 我应该如何应用风险评估矩阵？Control 风险控制: 我应该如何防止危害发生？Recover 风险恢复: 我应该如何尽量降低风险带来的危害？,在我的工作岗位上
20、和工作中，应该采取那些措施来管理风险？,Take 采取Transfer 转移Treat 处理Terminate 终止 / 避免,Risk Response Strategies 风险对应战略,HEMP Techniques & Tools 技术及工具,26,危险因素,后果,威胁1,威胁2,威胁3,威胁4,威胁n,后果n,后果3,后果2,后果1,恢复措施,控制措施,事件/事故,危险因素分析蝴蝶结模型,HSE 风险管理,27,危险因素,屏障,恢复准备措施,后果,事件/事故,后果,后果,蝴蝶结模型,控制措施（保持在可控制范围内）,为应急作好准备,目标：降低可能性（主动预防）,目标：减轻后果以防再次发
21、生（事后采取行动）,HSE 风险管理,28,29,陆地运输风险分析,不合格的司机,司机受酒精影响,第三方,机械故障,碰撞/翻车,受伤,维修保养,威胁,路况差,超速驾驶,物质损坏,不能到达目的地,速度控制,培训,可视性,D & A,修复,CONTROL控制,RECOVER恢复,30,31,HSE Commitment承诺Target目标,Tasks 任务Responsibilities 责任Competencies 能力,Procedures程序,BOWTIE Link with HSE MS,32,Hazardous Event 危害事件,EVENT TREE (Consequences)事件
22、树 (后果),FAULT TREE (Causes)故障树 (起因),Loss of gascontainment,ESCALATION,e.g. explosion,(release of hazard),HAZARD,e.g.ESD bypassed,e.g.maloperation,e.g.detector failure,e.g.deluge failure,e.g. overpressure,BOWTIE and Business Management Process,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,活动,BusinessMa
23、nagementProcess业务管理过程,33,项目 HSE 风险管理,风险管理始于整个项目运作的初期阶段：（一开始就要把事情做对） 在项目设计过程中开展适当的 HEMP 研究 采用合理实用尽可能的最低限度（ALARP）理念随着项目的进展，减小风险的难度会越来越大。,34,风险识别：在我的工作岗位上和工作中存在哪些危险因素？风险评估： 我应该如何应用风险评估矩阵？风险控制： 我应该如何防止危害发生？风险恢复： 我应该如何尽量降低风险带来的危害？,HEMP 步骤,在我的工作岗位上和工作中，应该采取那些措施来管理风险？,石油天然气工业领域内的 HSE 风险管理,35,HEMP Technique
24、s & Tools 技术及工具,危险因素识别1.HAZard Identification (HAZID) 危险识别分析 Hazard Operaility Studies (HAZOP)危险性和可操作性分析 风险评估Risk Assessment 风险评价 - Qualitatively 定性方法: 使用风险评估的经验性矩阵 (RAM)- Quantitatively定量方法:使用特定工具/技术的系统方法 (QRA)Others- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 环境影响评价- Health Risk Assessment (HRA) 健康风险评价
25、- Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) 作业危害分析,36,HEMP Application in a Project Lifecycle,ProjectInitiation,HSE Case (incl. Bowtie) maintained as a “LIVE” document,EA / EIA,HRA,HAZOP,PEM,QRA,FEA,HF / ERG,JHA,Pre-start up Audit,SAFOP,IDENTIFICATION,DEFINITION PHASE,EXECUTION PHASE,ConceptualDesign,Feasibility,DevelopmentPlan,DetailedDesign,ConstructionCommission,Operation,HAZID,FIREPRAN,ESSA / FEA,TR / EERA,PLM(LAYOUT),HAZID,HAZID,HAZOP,QRA,FIREPRAN,HAZOP,JHA,FIREPRAN,HRA,- comparative risk assessments within options,- basis of design,- HSE philosophies,Monitor HSE Legal Compliance,