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1、测树学实习报告许洁n作者:日期:测树学实习报告姓名：许洁学号：n090101130小组成员：许洁,王敏,王萍,韦方洲,吴其能,徐晓蕾,夏静1 .实习主要内容根本练习立木胸径及其树高测定立木材积测定区分求积法标准地调查与林分因子测定角规测树原理、方法、技术森林抽样调查一元材积表编制及其应用2 .实习组织与要求以小组为单位,每班分5个小组；平安第一,遵守纪律,爱惜仪器,密切协作,保证数据质量；每人撰写实习报告.3 .仪器工具测树罗盘仪及支架测高器直径钢围尺皮尺角规标杆工具包、粉笔实习指导书记录笔、本纸及计算器标准地调查标准地调查是林分调查的主要途径、手段或方法.所谓标准地,即人为选定 的、并且期望
2、能够代表待测林分调查因子平均水平的典型地块.它应该是整个林 分的缩影,通过它可以获得林分因子的数量、属性及质量指标值,其中,林分数 量因子值可由标准地调查结果按面积比例换算.林分调查结果的精度,很大程度 上取决于标准地对该林分的代表性,设置标准地时,应对整个林分作比拟全面踏 查,目测各主要调查因子,从而形成林分平均标志的轮廓,根据这个轮廓选择适 当地段设置标准地.按设置目的与用途,标准地分临时标准地和固定标准地两类.临时标准地是 为临时满足需要能迅速提供资料而设置的,只进行一次调查.固定标准地是在较 长时间内进行科学研究试验,有系统地连续收集资料而设置的,要进行屡次调查, 测设要求更为严格.一
3、、标准地设置一选择标准地根本要求1必须对所预定林分要求有充分代表性；2不能跨越林分；3不能跨越小河、道路或隔离带,且应远离林缘.二标准地形状为便于设置及面积计算,一般为正方形或矩形带状,林分密度低、通视良好、地势较平坦时可为圆形.三标准地面积即大小为了充分反映林分结构规律和保证必要精度,标准地内必须有足够林木 株数,本次实习,要求设置正方形标准地,其内林木株数不少于50株.四标准地境界测量用罗盘仪测角,皮尺量距,在坡地上量距要改算为水平距离,测线闭合差一般不得超过1/200.为使标准地在调查作业时有明显边界,测量境界线同 时应伐开灌木,去除蒿草,对测线外的树木,在面向标准地一面标出明显记 号可
4、用粉笔作记号.根据需要,标准地四角可埋设临时或固定标桩.二、标准地林分因子调查与测定一每木调查又称每木检尺,即测定标准地内每一株树木的胸高直径可精确到0.1cm ,这是标准地调查的最根本工作.有时为简化记载和计算,每株树 直径可按整化径阶记载在每木调查表上,我国常用划“正字格式进行记 录.1 .径阶大小确定2 .确定起测径阶3 .其它考前须知调查记载需分别树种进行.如果是复层异龄混交林而又能够划分出林层和年龄世代,那么需分别林层和世代调查记载.按整化径阶记载 时,有时每株树还需要根据相应标准确定出它是用材树还是半用材 树或薪材树,分别记入每木调查表各相应栏目.本次实习根据实际直径进行量测.二测
5、树高目的是求林分平均高或径阶平均高.本实习可沿标准地对角线随机选取1525株,实测每株树的树高和胸径精度均记载到小数后一位,中 央各径阶需测35株,其它各径阶12株,根据树高和胸径实测值,采 用适当模型或手工描绘调制树高一胸径曲线,根据每木调查算出的平均直 径,代入树高曲线求出相应平均高.次要树种只需测出与平均直径相近的35株平均木的树高,以其平 均值作为平均高.树高记录表记录 号胸径cmj树高m树种记录 号胸径cm树高m树种14.65.7榆树238.46. 5榆树211.58. 0榆树2412.58.6榆树3：11.29. 0榆树2512.012榆树47.25.3榆树2622.69.3榆树5
6、16.58.9榆树2719.38.5榆树65.18.0榆树2813.211.6榆树725.09.9榆树2916.111.2榆树824.09.8榆树3016.412.6榆树99.510.4榆树3115.09.0榆树107.87.7榆树3212.411.3榆树1125.010.8榆树337.36.2榆树1220. 011.5榆树3414.012.5榆树1326.513.2榆树359.210.4榆树144.37.2榆树3610.27.5榆树1517.410.8榆树376.59.2榆树1625.611. 7榆树3811.57.7榆树1714.48.6榆树396.45.6榆树1813.810.6喻树40
7、16.713.2喻树1911.69.8榆树4119.511.6榆树2010.611.5榆树4212.69.6榆树2110.410.0喻树4315.311.9喻树229.08.6榆树1.计算标准地平均直径：算数平均直径 =所有树直径之和/43=13.67几何平均直径=14.92.径阶分布图径阶分布图46 Z/Z/ZES/WS径阶3 .树高曲线图树高曲线树高43658410211 51241s81531G72.25胸径4 .平均标准木法计算蓄积量(1)用区分求积法(参见立木上部直径测定)测算其材积.1.3米处的体积用圆柱体积来算树梢一段用圆锥体积来算其余局部以圆台体积来算,累积加和.得到如下表：树
8、干上部直径测定以及胸径断面积和材积记录表1胸径37.9ht树高25.63nd胸径S1256.6413092.991.502404.58.51.530.37.516.71.327.210.524.231.124.113.530.96123.316.536.870.922.519.541.990.821.522.546.40.617.425.650.310.39.32胸径23.1树高244419.3ht3nd452.391.501.2244.58.5120.27.516.70.8517.710.524.230.715.313.530.960.61416.536.870.41019.541.990.
9、38.122.546.40.12.924148.370.051.53胸径30.5树高279346.84ht3nd804.251.501.6324.58.51.428.37.516.71.225.110.524.23121.913.530.960.920.916.536.870.717.519.541.990.513.422.546.40.411.625.550.190.26.22750.890.13.24胸径26.5树高26.55536.8ht3nd615.751.501.4284.58.51.122.27.516.70.918.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.6141
10、6.536.870.512.519.541.990.38.122.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.126.551.340.0315胸径23.7树高25.64975.25hT3nd490.871.501.25254.58.51.122.27.516.70.918.810.524.230.7516.413.530.960.61416.536.870.41019.541.990.38.0722.546.40.257.2525.550.190.154.696胸径23.5树高254387.94hT3nd530.981.501.3264.58.51.224.37.516.70.816.7
11、10.5小13.516.519.522.52524.2330.9636.8741.9946.449.60.60.40.30.250.180.1113.29.37.56.725.223.47胸径31.5树高27.6hT3nd804.251.501.6324.58.51.326.37.516.71.052210.524.230.919.713.530.960.7517.516.536.870.61519.541.990.410.822.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.1227.652.540.051.65树高8胸径29.926.6hT3nd702.151.501.55314.58
12、.51.428.37.516.70.918.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.6515.216.536.870.61519.541.990.4311.622.546.40.329.2825.550.190.26.2526.651.450.13.21树Wj9胸径20.622.6测径高度竖直角直径读上部直333.29Ht3数n径d1.501.1224.58.530.918.27.516.70.714.6210.524.230.510.9613.530.960.49.3216.536.870.2519.541.990.133.56895.6142924.8517679.0622
13、.522.646.446.530.020.010.580.2910胸径28.8树高6658.57322.6Ht3nd651.441.501.5304.58.531.224.277.516.71.122.9710.524.23121.9313.530.960.7517.4916.536.870.61519.541.990.38.0722.546.40.154.3522.646.530.12.9111胸径37树高10654.2625.6Ht3nd1075.211.501.9384.58.531.632.367.516.71.429.2310.524.231.124.1213.530.960.920
14、.9916.536.870.717.519.541.990.513.4522.546.40.38.725.650.310.13.1312胸径31.8树局237233.652Ht3nd794.221.501.6324.58.531.326.297.516.7120.8810.524.230.919.7413.530.960.7517.4916.536.870.512.519.541.990.38.0722.546.40.12.92347.070.020.5813胸径26.5树高259102.472hTnd551.551.501.5304.58.51.4529.37.516.71.3828.810
15、.524.231.328.513.530.960.818.716.5*36.870.41019.541.990.236.222.546.40.123.52549.60.051.514胸径25.5树高5076.65327.6hTBnd510.711.501.3264.58.5120.27.516.70.9519.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.511.716.536.870.41019.541.990.359.422.546.40.25.825.550.190.154.727.652.540.13.315胸径30.1树Wj 287892.256hTBnd711.581.5
16、01.55314.58.51.224.37.516.71.12310.524.230.919.713.530.960.7517.516.536.870.61519.541.990.5314.322.546.40.411.625.550.190.26.22852.960.06216胸径20.1树高272760.805hTBnd317.311.501.05214.58.50.816.57.516.70.612.510.524.230.51113.530.960.49.316.536.870.37.519.541.990.25.422.546.40.154.425.550.190.13.12751.
17、890.03117胸径23.6高264345.457hTBnd437.441.501.25254.5y8.531.122.257.516.70.918.7910.524.230.6514.2613.530.960.429.816.536.870.37.519.541.990.215.6522.546.40.133.7725.550.190.072.1926.551.340o 051.618胸径28.7高 28.54939.601hTBnd646.921.501.51304.58.531.224.277.516.70.8818.3710.524.230.817.5513.530.960.613.
18、9916.536.870.512.519.541.990.410.7622.546.40.226.3825.550.190.144.3718.553.470.082.6919胸径36Wj 299648.107hTBnd1017.881.501.85374.58.531.530.347.516.71.225.0610.524.23121.9313.530.960.818.6616.536.870.61519.541.990.410.7622.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.1228.553.470.051.6829.554.460.031.0320胸径28.9Wj 282594
19、.514hTBnd655.971.501.5304.58.531.224.277.516.7120.8810.524.230.817.5513.530.960.6414.9316.536.870.37.519.541.990.25.3822.546.40.174.9325.5/28.550.190.082.553.470.051.68寻找第8、11两株为标准木,标准地面积为 15*20=300 m2M= (0.6895614+1.065426) *1.336077/ (0.070215+0.107521 ) /0.03 =446.33 m3/hm2角规测树角规是以一定视角构成的林分测树工具,根
20、据该视角,有选择地计数为数不多的林木来测算林分调查因子.角规种类较多,可测定的林分因子亦较多.通常林业调查工作中使用较为普通是水平杆式角规绕测林分断面积及限制检尺测定林分蓄积量.使用时,将确定的视角正对被测树木树干胸高处,可能出现树干胸高断面分别与缺口呈现相割、相切或相余的三种不同情况,对应计数规那么是相割计1株,相切计0.5株,相余不计数.可调节角规视角大小,以适应被测林 分直径与密度不同的需要,但计数规那么不变.1、角规绕林分断面积的常用公式为：G=FgE S j 单位：m2/ha式中：Fg称为角规断面积系数或角规常数相割8 j为角规点周围第j株树的状态特征值,L j= 0.5相切0 相余
21、2、角规限制检尺测定林分蓄积量的常用公式为：M=F g 汇Vj 8 j/gj单位:m3/ ha式中：Vj为第j株树的树干材积,gj为第j株树的胸高断面积.一、根本绕测操作标准观测时要对准胸高位置；被测树干被遮挡而不得不临时移动位置时,要保持移动后的点位到被测树干中央距离与未移动前相等,测完被遮挡树干后仍返回原点位；要记住绕测起点树,以免漏测与重测,必要时可正反绕测两次以相互检查或求平均数；对难于判断是否属于相切的树木 也称这样的树为临界树,要实测其胸径和距离, 按3 式进行计算后确定是否计数.设 S为角规点至临界树胸高处树干中央的量测距离,假设 S=R那么 为相切,SR那么相余；R=50Xd1
22、.3/v/Fg式中d1.3为被测树木胸径绕测过程中始终保持角规视角即角规断面积系数与所选择的角规断面积系数一致. 二、断面积系数的选择用小Fg的角规绕测,计数较多,错计 1株影响较小,但其最大观测距离较远,不易看清,疑 难与被遮挡树增加,影响工效和容易出错.如采用较大的 Fg,其优缺点与上相反,一般跟 据林分的林木粗细与密度情况选择不同的Fg,下表1可供参考.表1断面积系数选定参照表林分特征可选用的Fg平均直径8-16cm的中龄林,和任何平均直径而林分疏密度为0.3-0.5的林分0.5平均直径17-28cm.疏密度0.8-1.0的中、近熟林1疏密度0.8以上,平均直径28cm以上的成、过熟林2
23、或4自平曲线角规限制检尺记录表记录号观测特征值胸径cm品巨离m树种判断计算特 征1137.97.50马褂木12123.14.96马褂木13130.52.57马褂木14126.54.86马褂木15123.71.52马褂木16123.50.98马褂木17131.53.63马褂木180.529.98.54马褂木190.520.68.89马褂木110128.86.38马褂木111137.05.48马褂木112131.86.32马褂木113126.54.65马褂木1140.525.96.68马褂木115130.15.76马褂木1160.520.18.13马褂木1170.523.68.70马褂木1180.528.711.06马褂木119136.09.67马褂木1200.528.911.49马褂木1由表1与实际情况判断得出 Fg=1将测定数据代入公式计算得:G=20 m2/haM=193.85 m3/ha