《最新人教版初中英语语法大全优秀名师资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新人教版初中英语语法大全优秀名师资料.doc（213页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、人教版初中英语语法大全英语语法大全 初中英语语法 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, t
2、wo, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, bu
3、t, before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词
4、担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、
5、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ?同位语
6、通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里,) 3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法: (1)派生名词:?动词+er/or ?动词+ing ?动词+(t)ion ?形容词+ness ?其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词:?名
7、词+y ?名词+ful ?动词+ing/ed ?friendly ?dangerous ?Chinese; Japanese ?English ?French ?German ?国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, quality egg, chicken, . Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an
8、area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chi
9、cken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm me
10、chanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechan
11、ical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt , half opened the henhouse when 25 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW , rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW . Hen house types, power consumption diff
12、erence is very big, a difference of 1020. Chinas energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474
13、 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.52 times, so when you hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词:?形容词+ly ?其它,如:slowly, angrily, full?fu
14、lly, good?well, possible?possibly等等。 3、转换法: (1)形容词?动词,如:dry(干燥的)?dry(弄干), clean(干净的)?clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词?名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。 (3)名词?动词,如:hand(手)?(传递),face(脸)?(面对)等等。 (4)形容词?副词,如:early?early, fast?fast等等。 (5)副词?连词,如:when(什么时候)?(当时候),等等。 (6)介词?副词,如:in(到里)?(在里面;在家),
15、on(在上)?(进行,继续),等等。 二、名词: 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类: 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如:Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot. 普通名词
16、又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 ?可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; ?不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information . 2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下: ?在单数名词词尾加s。如:map ? maps,boy? boys,horse? horses, table? tables. ?s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class?classes, box?boxes, hero?he
17、roes, dish?dishes, bench?benches. 注:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo?photos, piano?pianos. ?以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family?families, city?cities, party?parties. ?以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf?shelves, wolf?wolves, life?lives, knife?knives. 2、不规则变化:man?men, woman?women, sheep?sheep,tooth?teeth, fish?fish,
18、 child?children, ox?oxen, goose?geese 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice?two bags of rice, a piece of paper?three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk?five bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格: 1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下: (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加?s。如:Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐
19、姐的书) (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加?。如:Teachers Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如: todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(中国的人口). (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如: quality egg, chicken, . Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of
20、land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservat
21、ion, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3
22、. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial
23、light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt , half opened the henhouse when 25 kW (open), when th
24、e entire opening is 0.5 kW , rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW . Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 1020. Chinas energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving i
25、ssues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.52 times, so when you a fine daughter of
26、the Party(党的好女儿). 2、注解: ? ?s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) ? 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如:Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) ? “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: 1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动
27、词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, ? 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) ? 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图
28、) 3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如: The trouser
29、s are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) 7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking
30、apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) 9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如
31、:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) 11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a sh
32、ort time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) 13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the
33、lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况: Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少,)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 25 kW (open), when the entire opening is
34、 0.5 kW , half opened the henhouse when kilowatt -and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10 s eggsusing artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical
35、 setountry started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, gan, the csaving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slo-saving, water-f breeding size and n
36、ot, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energyevel oof slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate l. The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cul
37、tivated land, wasteland, the principle , etc)tares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Officearea of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hecquali
38、ty egg, chicken, . Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain hen youso w only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.52 times, sh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic m
39、eters of water per capita in China,f frefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack ohouse types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 1020. Chinas energy supply is in short supply. There . Hen, roll
40、ing open sheds at 0.45 kW 3 5、部分名词用法辨析: 1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) /
41、 Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 2、festivalholidayvacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的、文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be
42、held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情,) 3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差
43、度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗,) / Travelli
44、ng through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) 4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a
45、result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) 5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼) 三、代词: 1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。 2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格
46、两种形式。 第一人 第三人称单数 第一第二第二人 称单人称人称第三人称复 数阳性 阴性 中性 称单数 数 复数 复数 I he she it we you 主 you (你) they (他们,(我) (他) (她) (它) (我们) (你们) 格 她们,它们) me him her it us you 宾 you (你) them (他们,(我) (他) (她) (她) (我们) (你们) 格 她们,它们) 1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗,
47、) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了,) / Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他) 2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语,) / Help me!(救救我) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信) 3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is it?(是谁,) Its I/me.(是我。) quality egg,
48、chicken, . Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slo