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1、5.方位角：从某点的指北方向按顺时针转到目标方向的水平角，叫做方位角。如图3，OA、OB、OC的方位角分别为45、135、225。135.215.27加与减（三）4 P75-80同心圆：圆心相同，半径不等的两个圆叫做同心圆。经过同一直线上的三点不能作圆.(1)三边之间的关系：a2+b2=c2；(二)空间与图形8.直线与圆的位置关系5、能掌握一些常见的数量关系和应用题的解答方法，逐步提高解答应用题的能力。高中英语重点语法网络图表英语常用的句型结构1、S + vi 2、S + link verb + predicative3、S + vt +o 4、S + vt + o (间接) + o (直接)
2、5、S +vt+ o + o c 6、There be + s + 简单句的五个基本句型种类句型主语S.谓语部分谓语动词V.表语P.宾语O.宾语补足语OC.第1种S +VWework.(不及物)第2种S+V+OHeplays(及物) the piano.第3种S+V+PWeare(系动词)students.第4种S+V+ino(间接宾语)+Do(直接宾语)She gave(及物)me a pen.第5种S+V+O+CHemade(及物)the boylaugh.第6种There be+SThere are thirty days this month.主语部分谓语部分谓语动词修饰语/补语/宾语
3、1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.FlowersFlowersMany beautiful flowersIBetty, your younger sister,Some students in my classyou(You)bloom。bloombloomgolooksspeakDo. understandReadin the gardens.in the gardens in spring.to school by bicycle every day.very pretty.English very well.these sentences?Lesson Two, Mary.句子的成分1.
4、 主语主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型。2. 谓语说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。3. 表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。*注意区别：My job is teaching.(teaching 为表语) 与 I am teaching now.(am teaching 为
5、谓语)4.宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，在谓语之后。5. 状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。6. 定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词又可以作主语，还可以作表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。简单句、并列句、复
6、合句1. 简单句句型：主语+谓语只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。2. 并列句句型： 简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简单句*由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。1、联合关系：常用的连词有and, not onlybut(also), neithernor等。Eg. Tom doesnt smoke, nor does his brother.2、转折关系常用的连词有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那时，然后）
7、等。Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train. We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain. She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.*yet 和still是连接副词，又叫半连接句。*however(然而，不过，但是)意义接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中间。3、选择关系：常用的连词有or（或者，还是，否则），otherwise, or else, eithe
8、ror等。Eg. Hurry up, or well be late for school.4、因果关系连词有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam. The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.*for 表示附加或推断的理由、原因。 Therefore较so更正式，and so 较口语化。3. 复合句句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+
9、从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。）动词时态，被动语态一、一般现在时 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如： Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.3.在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bel
10、l.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。二、现在进行时 1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。
11、The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 4.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。例如：I have finished the report./ S
12、he has cleaned the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room. Its very clean n
13、ow.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关，二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到Its这样的一般现在时。) 2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：When have you seen that film? I have seen it y
14、esterday. 4.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there. 5.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break
15、out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时 1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或
16、今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days. 2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进
17、行。例如：They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时
18、刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列
19、一些形式： 1.will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事） 2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) 3.be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用) 4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)九、将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被动语态一、被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）
20、例如：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语get过去分词其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例如：She lent me a bike.被动：1）I was lent a bike(by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词be过去分词例如：T
21、his problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如：This kni
22、fe cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news prove
23、d/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right. 3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project i
24、s impossible to complete in a year.比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况： 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He
25、 lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。主谓一致Agreement在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形
26、式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.） 2）How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。3、在倒装句中, 动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：1）He
27、re comes the bus. 2）On the wall were two famous paintings. 3）Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：1）Jane, Mary and I are good fri
28、ends. 2）He and my father work in the same factory.3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong. 4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent. 6）Every picture except these two has been sold.7）Alice with her parents often goes to the
29、park on Sundays.8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow. 这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油
30、是他们每日的食品。3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.（两个人）6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2）No teacher and no student is absent today. 3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.7、each, ei
31、ther, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Each takes a cup of tea. 2）Either is correct. 3）Neither of them likes this picture.8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Is everyone here? 2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：1）
32、Those who want to go please sign their names here.2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：1）The United States is in North America.2
33、）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。3）“The Arabian Nights”（天方夜谭）is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：1）My family is going to have a long journey.2）My family are fond of music.3）The class has
34、 won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。4）The class were jumping for joy.13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时
35、，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：1）The young are usually very active. 2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.15、or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut (also)连接的是主语,谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：1）Either you or I am going to the movies.2）Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式，
36、作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Water is a kind of matter.2）The news at six oclock is true.17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：1）The police are searching for him.2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2）One th
37、ird of the population here are workers.19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.2）A number of students have gone for an outing.20、means, politics, physics, plastics等
38、作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。复合句( 1 ) 定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词Who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?Whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatWhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with
39、whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.Whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. That人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.Which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave
40、you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.As人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. As做宾语一般不省略关系副词When时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichWhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可
41、用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. That与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only,
42、the very修饰时6 句中已经有who时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a
43、speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respecte
44、d by others.III. As与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won
45、 the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开, 相当于一个插入语, 不能用that引导，
46、关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.( 2 )状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义可分为地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较等。1、时间状语从句由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till. Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.A. when, as, while 作时间从属连词的区别。When可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.