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1、高中英语写作指南前 言语言的技能主要包括听、说、读、写四种，是语言能力(linguistic competence)与语言能力(linguistic performance)之间的桥梁。一个语言学习者在学习语言的过程中必定要通过听、说、读、写的技能训练，接收、传递、和交流信息，并最终掌握运用语言进行交流的能力。没有听、说、读、写的训练，运用能力无法得到培养;没有听、说、读、写的实践，语言知识难以得到巩固。因此，语言四大技能的训练是外语教学的主要内容之一。英语课程标准对此有明确的说明。 听、说、读、写四大技能中，听与读是获取信息的手段，说与写是传递信息的途径。 新课程指出:高中英语课程应该强调在
2、进一步发展学生综合语言运用能力的基础上，着重提高学生用语言获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和处理问题的能力，特别是注重提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。本书正是结合新课标的精神，根据新教材的内容和特点以及高中生的实际情况编写而成。本书设计典型的情景、写作模板和实践联系，让学生通过完成具体的写作任务，进一步体验语言、实践语言、完善语言。本教材的写作训练模式是提高学生写作技能的有效途径之一。 录 目议论文写作( 1 ) 说明文(13) 应用文(15) 描写文(35) 记叙文(38) 议论文 一、 英语议论文写作要点 议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读 者同
3、意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点: 1. 论点要鲜明、确切(一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点(论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证( 2. 论据要充分、可靠(一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据( 3. 论证要严密、得法(归纳法(induction)和演绎法(deduction)是议论文常用的论证方法(归纳法的例子为基础，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出某种道理和看法(例如:报纸是一种媒体(medium )，人们可以从中得到现代信息;电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息;广播也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息(因此我们可以得出结论，其他
4、媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息(演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来(例如:所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息(在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面(如: I borrowed a book from the library last week .It was very boring and difficult .I read only ten pages. Therefore, I think that all library books are useless. 评注: It does
5、not have a logical argument .The writer dislike one library book, but not all library books are the same. The writer should not make a general statement (All library books are useless) based on his reactions to one single book. 二、 议论文的写作步骤: 1. 引言(introduction)(由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制(因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题
6、，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么( 2. 主体段(main body)(主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据(adequate proofs)来论证自己的观点(一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述( 3. 结论(conclusion)( 结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章(同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话( 例:一封信 Tutorial center is helpful. I have studied at a tutorial center for two years. My command of English has im
7、proved considerably since I started this course. At my center, the fees are reasonable. My tutors are qualified teachers. I have been helped a lot by them. They are sincere and kind. One of my teachers was British. At first, I could not say anything to her. But later I learned how to communicate in
8、English with a westerner. I think that the tutorial center has given me a lot of confidence in using English. 评注: 第一段提出论点, 体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分) ,主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复. 三、议论文的写作模式 1. 议论文的类型 英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ? “一分为二”的观点(如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
9、? “两者选一”的观点(如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机” ?“我认为”型(如“你对课外阅读的看法” ?“怎样(how to)”型(如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”( ? 图表作文(通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法( 按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握?两种类型的议论文的写作(在第?种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面:通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利(论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点(反之亦然( 在第?种类型中，命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况
10、: a. 要么支持A，要么支持B; b. A、B优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选A, 在什么条件选B( 下面重点介绍第?、?种类型议论文的写作模式. 2. “一分为二”观点的议论文模式 Introduction 第1段:Nowadays more and more people(/(plays an important part in(. like everything else, (has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally,
11、 the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows. Main body 第2段:Firstly,. Secondly,In addition/What?s more 第3段: Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with; To make matters worse; Worse of all Conclusion 第4段: Through above analysis/
12、All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore 例文1. 看电视的利与弊 Advantages and disadvantages of watching TV Nowadays more and more people like to watch TV. So TV plays a very important part in our life. But watching TV has both
13、advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. Firstly, you can expand your knowledge by watching TV. As we all know, learning things by TV is much faster than by listening to the radio or just by reading books. For it has colorful pictures as well as wonderful mus
14、ic. Secondly, you may know anybody you want to know such as famous singers, super stars, scientists and so on. What?s more, you can go everywhere by traveling programs. Let?s suppose, if you like traveling very much, but you have to work on weekends or holidays, you must be very sad. And now open yo
15、ur TV and it?ll take you to anywhere. Every coin has two sides. The disadvantages are also obvious. For example, watching too much TV can easily become short-sighted, especially for children and students. To make matters worse, some young students are keen on watching TV so that they give up their s
16、tudies gradually. Through above analysis, I think watching TV is a way of studying, it is good for us to watch TV. But when we watch TV, we should make a plan otherwise watching TV will destroy our life. 例文2. 谈谈出国留学的利与弊 Where to attend a college Nowadays more and more young people are going to study
17、 abroad. Like everything else, studying abroad has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the favorable aspects can be listed as follows. Firstly, they think by attending a college in a foreign country they can learn not only useful knowledge, but also the culture and customs of other na
18、tions. Secondly, they can take advantage of this opportunity to gain a good command of the foreign language they are learning very quickly. Moreover, they can meet different people and experience different cultures, which may help to broaden their views. Every coin has two sides. The negative aspect
19、s are also apparent. The costs are much higher than those in their native country. Most overseas students have to work for a living, which can?t allow them to pay all their attention to study. What?s more, they may feel very lonely. Through above analysis, we can see that the positive aspects outwei
20、gh the negative ones. Therefore, I am in favor of going abroad to study. 写作练习: ?谈谈校服 (school uniforms). 提示:近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服(对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点( Reference: some of the main arguments for and against school uniforms. FOR AGAINST 1.Students look neat and tidy. 1.Uniforms are expensive. 2
21、.The public knows which school you are from. 2.Children grow fast, need new uniforms. 3.Parents all pay the same money. 3.Some uniforms are very uncomfortable. 4.Students don?t worry about fashions. 4.Students all look the same, can?t be individuals. 5.Teachers can identify students on school trips.
22、 5.Get bored with same clothes every day. 6.Good discipline for students. ?说广告(about advertisement). 提示:有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为 3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式 模式?:A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B. Introduction 第1段:Some people hold the opinion that (A) is superior to (B) in many ways. Others, however, argue that (B)
23、is much better. Personally, I would prefer (A) because I think (A) has more advantages. Main body 第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer (A). The main reason is that Another reason is that(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, choosing (B) also has advantages to some extent, (列出12个B的优势) Conclusion 第4段: But if al
24、l these factors are considered, (A) is much better than (B). from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that (总结观点) 例文: Which is better? Cars or bikes? Some people hold the opinion that private cars are superior to bicycles in many ways. Others, however, argue that the bi
25、cycle is much better. Personally, I would prefer the use of cars because I think cars have more advantages. There are many reasons why I prefer cars. The main reason is that cars bring convenience and mobility to the owners. What?s more, a car is far more comfortable to travel in, especially in the
26、changeable weather. Another reason is that, when more people buy cars, the automobile industry will develop more quickly. The growth of the automobile industry can motivate the rise of other related industries such as iron and steel production. Of course, bicycles can take you to anywhere you like i
27、n town and does not need a large parking place. Besides, it is not as expensive as a car and therefore every family can afford to buy. But if all these factors are considered, cars are much better than bicycles. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that people can l
28、ive better with the use of cars. 模式?: A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B. Introduction 第1段:Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choicebetween (A) and (B)? Before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison. Main body 第2段:It is true that(选择A的优势之一). It is also true that(选择A的优势之二). B
29、ut (选择A的劣势). 第3段: Though.(选择B的劣势), (选择B的优势之一). Furthermore, (选择B的优势之二). Conclusion 第4段: Therefore, if you, you should choose (A), but if you, you should choose (B). (总结观点,提出建议) 例文: 二、 Listening to the radio or reading the newspapers? Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between li
30、stening to the radio and reading the newspapers? Before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison. It is true that listening to the radio is quick and convenient. It is also true that we can listen to the radio while are doing something else. So we can save a lot of time. But rad
31、io programs have their own time schedule. You cannot get the information you need every time you turn on your radio. Though newspapers are not as quick as radio, reading from the newspaper can certainly bring us news more clearly and more exactly. Furthermore, while reading, we have time to think ab
32、out what we are reading, to judge it, to analyze it, and then we will be more aware of its cause and effect. We are living in an information age. We have to make full use of the information we can get if we are to achieve our goals. Therefore, if we want to get the latest news, we can listen to the
33、radio, but if we want to get the exact words, we?d better read the newspaper. 写作练习: ? 健康与财富(Health and Wealth) 提示: 健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hot topic),请简述你的观点. ? 哪里住更好(Where to live?) 提示: 有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬. 各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何? 四、 写作常用逻辑衔接词 根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即 “起” “承” “转” “合”. 1. 表示“起”的常用词语. 用于开篇引出
34、扩展句. at first at present currently first(ly) in the beginning to begin with first of all in the first place lately to start with now 2. 有关“承”的常用词语. 用来承接上文,表递进. After/after that/afterwards After a few days After a while Also/too At any rate At the same time Besides Furthermore In addition In addition
35、 to In fact In other words In particular particularly In the same way Incidentally Indeed Meanwhile Moreover No doubt Obviously Of course 3. 有关“转”的常用词语. 用来表示不同或相反的意思. After all even though All the time nevertheless Anyway nonetheless At the same time still Conversely in fact In/by contrast as a matt
36、er of fact Despite especially Fortunately however In spite of luckily Though/although no doubt On the contrary otherwise Unfortunately unlike Whereas yet 4. 有关“合”的常用词语. 用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容. Above all in sum Accordingly in summary As a consequence on the whole As a result therefore As has been noted thus
37、 As I have said to speak frankly At last to sum up At length to summarize Briefly surely By doing so to conclude Consequently no doubt Eventually undoubtedly Finally doubtless Hence truly In brief so In conclusion obviously In short certainly All in all 议论文的写作，大多有具体要点(即论点或论据)的限定，所以并不需要如何地纵横捭阖，如何地旁征博
38、引。但是，麻雀虽小，五脏俱全，一篇100来字的议论文，同样必须逻辑严密，结构清晰，语言洗练，必须论有中心，言而有据。以下笔者试从篇章结构、句子修辞和词汇运用等三个方面来谈一谈写好一篇小议论文的基本方法和技巧。 一、篇章结构 (一)先有规矩，然后才能从心所欲，不逾矩 议论文的写作，住往从正反两方面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模式，即从“主题句一正面论述，反面论述一结论”四大块去营造文章的基本结构(四块论)。例如，某题目要求论述“学校规定课间学生只能呆在自己的教室里?对吗?”这一话题。如果作者认为学校的规定不对，他就应该在文章第一块(段)亮出自己的观点:There is currently mu
39、ch discussion about whether students should stay in their own classrooms or not during break times(Personally I believe that(而第二块应该从正面论述“课间不能只呆在自己的教室里”的理由。比如可以说:I would argue that break times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do. 第三块则从反面观点，即“课间只能呆在自己的教室里”出发，批驳对方观点或进一步阐述己方观点。例如可以说:An
40、other reason why people say that students have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be difficult to organize dinners。最后一块(段)则用不同的语言再次强调已方观点。乍一看去，议论文“四块论”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑，但“四块论”符合人的认知规律，所以值得多多模仿和操练。 (二)围绕中心论述，确保论述的内容直接为主题服务 在上例中，“学生课间时不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主题句，论述时应该紧紧围绕它。有的同学在写的时候先说“学生若课间被允
41、许到其他班级活动，就可以交到更多的朋友”，然后又说“交到更多朋友就可以学到更多知识”，“学到更多知识就可以为社会做出更大的贡献”这种论述方式貌似环环相扣，承前启后，实则是中心涣散的流水账，说到最后，不仅读者会一头雾水，连作者自己都会忘了自己在说什么。 (三)确立并写好论点，并将其置于每一段的段首 整篇文章有整篇文章的中心论点，每一段落有每一段落的分论点。选取论点时要问一问自己:这一论点是否会让自己信服?如果个论点连自己都说服不了，就要放弃它。段落论点的呈现不能羞羞答答，犹报琵琶半遮面，也不能深藏不露，让读者去总结和归纳，而必须在文章开篇或段落开头就亮出来。论点置于篇首或段首，才能纲举目张，也是
42、确保不跑题的前提。以下两个例子中，第一个结构松散，群龙无首，令读者不知所云;而第二个例子则中心突出，章法严谨。请看: 1(Firstly，it is very convenient in daily life(There are many shops and supermarkets in a city(I can buy everything I need easily in these places(When I am sick，I can easily see a doctor in any clinic or hospital(Transport services are good i
43、n a city( when I want to go somewhere，I can take a bus，a train or something else( There are also many kinds of entertainment in a city(Public buildings(such as libraries)and parks can easity be found in a city，too( 2(First(it is convenient and comfortable to live in a city(To begin with，there is goo
44、d housing in a city，as all the houses and flats are well-equipped with good facilities and surrounded by modern amenities such as places of entertainment，public libraries and parks( 而中心句的写法也有讲究。中心句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据，它的关键词应该在每个论据中都有重复或适当体现。那种无关痛痒的叙述或说明性的句子，是不适宜用作中心句的。 例如: 1(Students always feel relaxed a
45、nd happy during breaks(叙述性句子) 2(Break times are scheduled for about 10 minutes(说明性句子) 以下即是论述“学校规定课间学生只能呆在自己的班级里?对吗?”的一篇学生习作: Although some people believe that students should stay in their own classrooms during break times，I would like to argue that we should be allowed to spend break times in anoth
46、er class( The most important reason for believing that is that many students have friends in other classes(We spend all day in our own classroom，and break times are the only time we have to spend with other friends(It can become very tedious(令人厌倦的)to have to spend even more time with the same people
47、( A further reason for allowing student to choose where they spend their break times is that it would stop arguements(If students are forced to spend time with classmates who are not good friends，theycan annoy each other(This leads to problems that have to be sorted out by teachers( Teachers argue that we all should stay in our own classes，because it is then easier to know what is going on(They say that it is difficult to keep track of students when they are walking round the corridors(However， student