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1、高中英语语法 介词高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解-介词及练习 一.概念: 介词(preposition)又叫做前置词，一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，一般不重读, 在句中不单独作任何句子成分， 只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。 介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有: 1) 名词或名词性从句: eg. ?He lives near our school. ? This will give me some idea of what life is. 2) 代词: eg. ? I am angry with him. ? She isnt
2、 satisfied with me. 3)动名词或动名词短语: eg. I have an idea fro solving this problem. 4)不定式(只限于介词but和except): eg.?I can do nothing for them but just sit her there and hope. ?I can do nothing for them except to send them money. 5)数词: eg. Four from seven leaves three. 6)形容词: eg. I know it from old. 我早就知道它。 7)
3、副词: eg. I cant stay for long. 注意,英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。 eg.? The policeman helped the old woman across the street. 警察帮助老大娘过马路。(“过”=across) ?Are you for it or against it? 你赞成还是反对, (“赞成”= for; “反对”= against) 二、介词的种类, eg.at; in; of since, before, after等。 A.介词按其构成分为 1) 简单介词(simple preposition): 2) 复合介词(compoun
4、d preposition): eg.as for; as to; into; out of 等。 3) 二重介词(double preposition) eg.from under; from behind; until after; except in等。 4) 短语介词(phrasal preposition) eg.according to; because of; in spite of; on behalf of等。 5) 分词介词( participle preposition) eg.regarding; concerning; including; providing等。 e
5、g.across; among; around; above; after; along; at; before; behind; below等。 B. 介词按其词义分为 1)地点介词: 2)时间介词: eg.about; after; sround; as at; before; behind; between; by; during; for, from. 3)比较介词: eg.as; like; over; above等。 4)除外介词: eg.besides; but; except等。 5)反对介词: eg.against; with等。 6)原因介词: eg. for; with;
6、 from等。 7)结果介词: eg.for; with; without等。 8)方式介词: eg.by; in; with等。 9)所属介词: eg.of; with等。 10)条件介词: eg. on; without; considering等。 11)让步介词: eg.in spite of; despite等。 12)目的介词: eg.for; to等。 13)根据介词: eg. on; according to等。 三、介词短语及其功用,介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(Prepositional phrase), 介词短语在句中可用作: 1)主语:eg.From Beijing
7、to Tianjing is two hours by train. 2)表语: eg.She looks like an actress. 3)宾语: eg.Ill give you until tomorrow. 4)定语: eg. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 5)补语: eg.They found themselves in a dark wood. 6)状语: eg. Albert has so much work to do so that he is staying late at the office. 四、相关知识点精讲, 1.表示
8、地点位置介词: 1. 1)at ,in, on, to: at : (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示在附近,旁边; eg. ?He arrived at the station at ten. ?He is sitting at the desk. (3)表示的位置是某一点; eg. at the third crossroad/ at 108 Beijing Street/ at the North Pole (4)可接集体活动。eg.at a party/concert/lecture/meeting at home/ at the corner of the street/at the
9、front of the hall in : (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示在范围之内; eg. ?He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. ?Jiangsu lies in the east of China. (3)表示的位置往往是立体的,有长、宽、高等。 ?in the desk/in the corner of the room/in a picture/in the wall on: (1) 表示毗邻,接壤; (2)表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。 eg. Russia lies on the north of China./a city on the
10、 river/a hotel on the this road to 表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤. eg. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province. 2)above, over, on: 在上 above: (1) 指在上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相 eg. ?The bird is flying above my head. 对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。 ?There are lights above/over our heads. (2) 与刻度连用时，用above。 ?Can you see the plane flying o
11、ver/above the building? eg. three degrees above zero. ?The water came above/over our knees. over: (1)指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体 eg. ?There is a bridge over the river. 有一定的空间,不直接接触. eg. ?Theres a thick cloud over the north of China. (2)表示“布满”，“盖满” ?There is a table cloth over the table. (3)表示“穿越”, “越过”
12、，用over或acorss。 eg.He walked over/across the bridge./There is a bridge over/across the river. (4)与数字连用时用over=more than。 eg.over 100 people/over 800 metres above sea level on: 表示某物体上面并与之接触. eg. He put his watch on the desk./ on the wall 3) below, under: 在下面 under: (1)表示在正下方,有垂直之意。 eg. There is a cat u
13、nder the table. (2)接普通数词，under =less than eg.100 metres below sea level / children under seven years of age / under fifty below:(1)表示在下,不一定在正下方 eg. Please write your name below the line. (2) 与刻度连用时，用below。 eg. ten degrees below zero 小测试: A.in B.at C.on D.into 1. Marys_the garden. A. below B.on C.abo
14、ve D.over 2. Dont worry. Shell finish the work in_twenty minutes. A. below us B.below ourselves C.under us D.under ourselves 3.From the bridge we could see the river_. A.under B. in C.below D.on 4.The weather here is 20 degrees_zero today. A.after below B.in below C.after under D.inunder 5.He will b
15、e back_20 minutes. A. on B.over C.through D.in 6.When they looked up, they saw a plane_the tall building. A.above B.below C.over D.across 7.He finished his work in_twenty minutes. A. on B.in C.at D.to 8.He lives_203 Huanghe Street. 2.表示时间介词: 1) in , on,at: 在时 in: 表示较长时间,如世纪,朝代,时代,年,季节,月及一般(非特指)的早,中,
16、晚等。 theg.in the 20 century / in the 1950s / in 1989 / in summer / in January/ in the morning / in the night (在夜间)/ in ones life/ in ones thirties等。 on: 表示具体某一天及其早,中,晚。 eg. on May 1st / on Monday/ on New Years Day/on a cold night in January / on a fine morning/ on Sunday afternoon等。 at: 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间
17、,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 eg. at 3:20 / at this time of year /at the beginning of /at the end of / at the age of / at Christmas / at night / at noon / at this moment等。 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词.如:We meet every day. 2)in, after: 在之后 2. in +段时间表示将来的一段时间以后; eg. My mother will come back in
18、three or four days. after+段时间表示过去的一段时间以后; eg. He arrived after five months. after+将来点时间表示将来的某一时刻以后。 eg. She will appear after five oclock this afternoon. 3)from, since 自从 from: 仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久; eg. He studied the piano from the age of three. sinc: 表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。 eg. They have live
19、d here since 1978. 4)after, behind: 在之后 after: 主要用于表示时间; eg. We shall leave after lunch. behind: 主要用于表示位置. eg. Lucy is hiding behind an old house. 5) until/till: 直到为止。 eg.till/until last week/ till/untill now/ from morning till night 6) by: 在某时间之前;不晚于时间。 eg. by the end of lasy year 小测试: A. on B.in C
20、.at D.from 1. We often go to the park_Sunday morning. A.after B.before C.till D.since 2. My aunt has worked in a clinic_1949. A. since B. on C. in D. to 3. His father will be back from London_a few days. A.at B. of C.on D.with 4.It happened to be very cold_the morning of our sports meet. A.at B.in C
21、.on D.over 5.He decided to visit the factory _Friday night. A. on B.at C.in D.during 6.He suddenly returned_a rainy night. A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after 7.The doctor will be free_. A. After B. In C. From D. Since 8. “How long has his bookshop been in bu
22、siness?” “_1982.” A. until B.after C.by D.around 9. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station _5:40 at the latest. A. by; until B. until; around C. till; by D. at; on 10. “Can I stay_the weekend?” “Yes, but youll have to leave_Monday middy at the latest.” B. for nine oclock C.sinc
23、e two hours D.sicne two hours ago 11. They have been in the store_. A. for a long time ago 12.I have been playing chess_many years, but Im hardly a expert. A. in B.with C.since D.for 3.表示方式介词: (1) by: + 接人或方式等。eg. made by him/by this means eg. by doing this/by car/bus/train/bike/ us/ come in by the
24、door (2) in: + 接语言/衣物等。eg. in this way eg. in the(this/that) way/ in a high(low) voice/ in pen /ink / English/the rain (3) with: + 接工具性的名词或其他名词。eg. with this method eg. with a hammer/ a pen(pencil) (4) on: + 接人体名词和TV等词。 eg. lie on ones back/ to learn English on TV/on the radio (5) to : + 接乐器或乐曲名词。 e
25、g.to sing to the piano( guitar) /to dance to music 3.by fax /radio / telephone: 靠传真、无线电、电话 注意,1.by weight (volume) : 按重/体积 2. by height: 按高度 4. by the week/ the hour/ the year 按周/ 按小时/ 按年 5. by the pound按英镑 小测试: A. in B. with C. by D. on 1. He worked out the problem_that means. A. by B. at C. with D
26、. in 2. Please answer my question_a loud enough voice. A. by which B. by that C. in which D. with which 3.This is the car_he came here. A. with; looked B. to; looking C. on; looking D. on; looked 4. He lay_his back, his eyes_upward. A. in; with B. with; in C. with; with D. in; in 5. He often wrote_a
27、 pen, but now he is writing_pencil. A. by B. through C. on D. with 6.He built a telescope_with he could study the skies. A. by; open B.when; opened C.while; opening D. with; open 7.He often sleeps_the window_. A. on B. in C. with D. for 8.How beautiful the girl looks_her new clothes. A. by B. from C
28、. on D. in 9.He often learns English_TV after wrok. 3. A. by music B. by the music C. to music D. to the music 10.They often dance _on Sunday nights. A. with B. in C. by D. on 11. The tall building was destroyed_a big fire. A. to dance B. to dance by C. to dance with D. to dance to 12. The young man
29、 often writes music_ A. with fax B. to fax C. by fax D. by he fax 13. The manager keeps in touch with me_. A. by B. on C. in D. through 14. He was caught_the heavy rain. 4.表示除外介词: 除外介词有:besides; but; except和apart from。 (1) besides: 除外之外(还包括)。 eg. We need fifteen more people besides your group. besid
30、es + doing sth. eg. What else did you do besides writing a letter? eg. I dont really want to go. Besides, its too late now. 注意: ? besides: adv. 而且， 再说 eg. She is sitting beside me on the bench. ? beside: prep.在之旁。 (2) except/ but: 除之外(不包括)。 eg. We work every day except/but Saturday and Sunday. excep
31、t for + sth. : 除去整体的一部分或对部分缺点要修正。 eg.?Except for the color, I like the car very much. eg.?Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes. except that + 从句: eg. We know nothing about him except that he is America. except when +从句: eg. He comes to see me every day except when it rains. exc
32、ept/ but +to do sth. eg.? I have nothing else to do except look after the child. ?She did nothing but (to)cry. ? We had no other choices but (to) go the the police station for help. (3) besides : 用于否定句= except/ but eg. I have no other tools besides/except/but these. (4) apart from: eg. Ive finished
33、apart from the last question. ? = except for: 除之外(不包括) eg. What other sports do you like apart from football? ? = in addition to; as well as除外之外(还); 此外; 加之 (5) other than = except: 除以外 eg. ?I dont know any French people other than you. 小测试: ? Were going away in June but other than that Ill be here a
34、ll summer. A. beside B. besides C. accept D. except 1.She said that they had no other choices_go to the teacher for help. A. except B. but C. besides D.beside 2. Does John know any other foreign language_French? A. except B. expect C. only D. beside 3. No one knew Mr. Bensons address_his daughter. A
35、. Beside B. Besides C. Except D. Except for 4. _his wife, no one went to see him. A. except B. besides C. beside D. except for 5. The film is good _its ugly colour A. except when B but when C. except for D.except that 6. We know nothing about her _she lives downstairs. A. except for B. except that C
36、. expect when D. except when 7. This kind of animals never comes out_its dark. A. except asked B. besides to ask C. but to asking D. except to ask 8. He seldom comes to see me _for money. 5.表示原因介词: (1) because of + 名词/代词/ what从句，说明做某事的原因。 eg. ?She was late because of her illness. ? I came here becau
37、se of you. ?He was angry because of what you did. (2) for : forreason(为了原因)或用于固定搭配。 eg. ?She decided to get a job for several reasons. ?For what reason were you late? ?He is praised for writing a good poem. ?China is famous for its long history. ?He was scolded for being late. ? He got an award for
38、bravery. ? I couldnt speak for laughing. (3) as a result of :由于的结果=because of eg. The river was flooded as a result of the heavy rain. (4) owing to:prep. =because of 由于; 因为 eg. Owing to his hard work, he succeeded. 注意,在动词之后或从句之首用owing to表示“因为”。 eg. The game was cancelled owing to the heavy rain. (5)
39、 due to: because of 由于;因为。 eg. The teams success was largely due to her efforts. 4. (6) thanks to:幸亏; 由于; 因为 eg. Everyone knows about it now, thanks to you ! 小测试: A. because B. for C. because of D. as of 1.She didt come to the party_what you had said. A. because B. because of C. for D. owing to 2. H
40、e doesnt believe you _what you said is wrong. A. as B. because C. since D. for 3. He was punished_ breaking the law. A. because B. for C. as a result of D. owed to 4. The building was burned down _the big fire. A. Because of B. Because C. For D. Since 5._what reason was Mark put into prison? 6.表示方向介
41、词: (1) at : 表示方向的一个“点”， 具有攻击的意思。 eg. He shot at a bird./ shout at sb./ rush at sb./come at sb. (2) to : 指方向,不强调点。 eg. He went to the factory./ throw a ball to sb. (3) towards : 强调向某处运动的方向。 eg. He walked towards me. (4) across: 表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关; eg. She swam across the river./walk across the deser
42、t (5) through: 穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。 eg. He walked through the forest./ walk through the forest 小测试: A. towards B. at C. to D. / 1. He shot _ the bird, but it flew away. A. to B. for C. at D. on 2. The wolf jumped _the farmer to eat him. A.over B. across C. through D. in 3. It took me five hours to wal
43、k _the forest. A. on B. through C. across D. towards 4. I walked _the square to the hotel. A. over B. across C. on D. at 5. He walked _ the hall, smiling strangely. A. across B. over C. cross D. through 6. They wanted to swim_the river to the church. 7.表示目的介词:for (1) for + 名词= to do sth. eg. ?to go
44、out for food= to go out to look for food ?to go o the pub for a drink= to go to the pub to have a drink (2) for + doing sth. : 表示用途和原因。 eg. ?The pen is used for writing. ?He was praised for saving a child. (3) for + 宾语+ 不定式 eg. I opened the door for you to come in. 小测试: A. for seeing B. with seeing
45、C. to see D. for to see 1. He went to the college _Professor Wang. A. with B. for C. on D. for having 2. He went to the college_an interview with Professor Wang. B. to eat; for looking at C. for eating; to look at D. for eating; for looking at 3. Is that cake_or just _. A. to eat; to look at A. of B
46、. with C. for D. to 4. Its usual _foxes to come so close to town. A. that B. which C. for D. with 5. It is important_there to be plenty of discussion. A. for B. for to be C. for it to be D. for there to be 6. It is too late_anyone in the room. A. about B. with C. of D. for 7. Im anxious _the party to be a success. 8.表示价值等量交换介词: (1) at : 用示表示“以的价格或速度”。 eg. at a low cost/ at a high price/at a top(full) speed/ at fifty kms an hour (2) for :用示表示 “等价交换”。 eg. a chicken for five dollars/ a check for 1,000 dollars 小测试: A. at B. on C. by D. in 1. I bough