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1、Writing an Abstract,What is an abstract?,An abstract is a summary of a scientific article or a research paper. It covers the main points of a piece of writing.,Note:,Most or all of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done.The Abstract should never give any inf
2、ormation or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method).,Abstract 中文有二种说法: 文摘独立存在，单独出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要与原文在一起共同点：从原文中抽出主题内容，以简练的文字写写成，只是准确、扼要地表述原文内容，不加以解释或评论。
3、以下统称为摘要,Abstract and Summary,Abstract摘要: 现在的趋势是一篇论文或专著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写，统称为abstract，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract这个术语，在论文的题目下也一律用这个词。 Abstract对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文内容。文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。,文摘的文体结构,摘要_应具备的要素简明扼要conciseness:去除文献中的次要材料或辅助细节。客观公正objectivity:摘要中不应有原文中没有的信息资料。全面完整c
4、ompleteness:要包括主题思想，主要资料，结论或建议。,摘要中常见错误, 字少、错选：提示性、报道性、资料性 结构要素残缺：目的，方法，结果，结论 丧失摘要特点 独立性、自含性； 准确性、完整性； 学术性、通用性； 简练性、概括性, 开头冠以“本人、“本试验、“本研究、“笔者、“作者未采用第三人称：“我们得出与标题、引言雷同分段表达,摘要的长短,摘要一般不宜过长，多在100150词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的15。美国有些高校规定，硕士论文提要以250词为宜，博士论文以350词为宜。一般SCI论文摘要以200300字为宜。,如何写摘要,摘要的内容,内容通常包括：背景知识或文献回忆B
5、ackground Information/Literature Review研究的主要目的和范围Principal Purpose What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results?研究方法Methodology研究的主要结果Results结论和建议Conclusions, Recommendation, Implication,要写好英文摘要，作者必须答复好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it
6、?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?),Notes,The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. The language should be familiar to the potential reader. Omit obscure abbrevi
7、ations. Write the paper before you write the abstract.,Sample:,Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessm
8、ent of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students perceptions and learning progress concerning the particular instructional approach were investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an effective way to produce feedback for presenters, as
9、sessors and educators. Results also revealed a very positive students attitude towards the instructional format. The learning effect concerning assessment was rather limited. Further research is needed to come to conclusive statements about the latter.,The harm of smoking has long been studied by re
10、searchers and many people are aware that second-hand smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, especially children. This study seeks to identify tobacco toxins that are invisible and its focus is on the risks those chemicals pose to infants and children. In this research, the term “third-hand smoke was first
11、used to describe the invisible yet poisonous gasses and particles that remain in houses or cars, including heavy metal and radioactive materials. And a survey was conducted on attitudes towards smoking in 1,500 households across the United States. It found that the vast majority of both smokers and
12、nonsmokers were aware of the harm of second-hand smoke to children but a comparatively smaller part of them recognized the risks of third-hand smoke.,Third-hand Smoke,thesis,process,results,background,Note:,有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重要的应该是说明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往往省略背景
13、知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：研究目的和方法Purpose and Method of Study结论Results总结和建议Conclusion and Recommendation其中“3可视篇幅的限制取舍。,Note:,摘要写作的重点是推介自己的研究成果，并借此让读者深入地了解研究的过程和意义。摘要的格式为完整的一段，段首第一个单词不需要缩进。字数一般在200字左右，绝对不能超过500字。摘要的字数取决于论文的长短或刊物的要求。,Rules to follow,Be of 100-300 wordsDont
14、include details like examplesDont quote or cite Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tenseSpecify any abbreviationsUse objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions,摘要的语言,权威人士和一些摘要机构对摘要时态的用法提出的建议：,表达研究方法和目的时，使用现在时态，现在完成时介绍研究过程时，描述使用方法，可以用过去时态报道研究结果时，采用现在时态陈述结论，提出建议或是描述一
15、般规律时，用现在时态,摘要_句子结构常用句型,常用句型the principle of is outlinedthe apparatus for is describedthe use of is addressedthe mechanism of is examinedthe analysis of was carried outthe dependence of was establishedan account ofis givenautomation of is discussed,摘要_写作特点,谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词。使用不
16、提及人的陈述句。经常以第三人称作为主语。以一个主题句开头，可以用主动态，主语为“作者、本文、本文的目的 等。也可用被动态，句尾一般不加“ in this paper 时态可用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时。切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必须浓缩或改写原文的句子。尽量防止使用人们不熟悉的术语、缩略语、符号等。文摘下要求写出主题词、关键词，一般35个。,关键词Keywords),Introduction,国际标准和我国标准均要求论文摘要后标引3-8个关键词。关键词既可作为文献检索或分类的标识，它本身又是论文主题的浓缩。读者从中可以判断论文的主题、研究方向、方法等。关键词以名词或名词短语居多，如果使用缩
17、略词，那么应为公认和普遍使用的缩略语，如IP, AIDS, CAM关键词间用逗号或分号隔开。,Sample Demonstration,An Assessment of Consumer Attitudes toward Direct Marketing Channels: A Comparison between Unsolicited E-mail and Direct Mail Abstract The paper examines consumer attitudes towards two major direct marketing methods, unsolicited e-m
18、ail and postal direct mail. Psychological Reactance Theory was used to determine what factors might influence consumers attitudes toward each communication method. Focus groups were conducted to discover the common themes and to identify the influential factors. The results of this study indicated t
19、hat in comparison, unsolicited e-mail were more problematic than postal direct mail due to the inconvenience that spam presented to consumers. Keywords: direct marketing, unsolicited e-mail spam, focus groups,Title of the paperThe statement of the problemThe research methodResults,Write an abstract,Exercises,