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1、定语从句用法特例定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：1.what不能引导定语从句.2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that.试分析：Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Themanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowi
2、sourheadmaster.（=Themanwho/whomthatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster.）注：A指人时有时只用who不宜用that。1先行词为one、ones或anyone（1）ThecomradeIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkshard.（2）Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.2先行词为these时ThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool.3在there
3、be开头的句子中Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.4一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshards.5在非限制性定语从句中A。Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromJapan.B主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。二指物的关系代词有which、whose(=ofwhich)、that.试分析：1.Ilikethebookswhich/th
4、atwerewrittenbyLuXun.2.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood.3.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.)4.Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.)注：A.介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、which不能用who或that.(1).Thegirlabo
5、utwhomtheyweretalkingisourmonitor.(2).ThebookinwhichtherearemanyinterestingthingswaswrittenbyLiMing.B.部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?Theoldmanwho/whomtheyarewaitingforisProfessorLi.Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPingsson.C指物时，下列情况下只能用that，不宜用which
6、。（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、theone等。Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.Ihavetoldthemall(that)Iknow.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms
7、thatIhaveeverseen.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.Therearesheepandmenthatcanbeseenonthehill.（5）如果先行词被theonly、thevery、thelast、thesame、any、few、little、no、all、oneof、just修饰
8、时。Thisistheonlybookthatcanbelenttoyou.（6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。Whichisthedictionarythatheusedyesterday?D只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。（1）关系代词放在介词之后Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.（2）非限制性定语从句中Thisisthebook,whichiswrittenbyLuXun.（3）that，Those作主语时ThosewhichareonthedeskareEnglishbooks.E先行词前有such
9、、thesame、as时,关系代词用as，不用that,但thesameas表示同样的,thesamethat表示同一的Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.Suchpeopleasyourefertoarerarenowadays.三比较When/which、where/which、why.whichIstillneverforget.ThisisthedaywhenIjoinedtheparty.whichhespentreadingthebooks.whereIfoundthebook.whichmakesmachines.Thisist
10、heplacewhichweoncevisited.whichIwillneverforget.whichIamlookingfor.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Allthestudentswhostudyhardhavepassed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。)Allthestudents,whostudyhardhavepassed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。）从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清
11、楚，不受影响。）与主句关系密切，不用逗号与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物)关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物)关系代词代替宾语时可以省略关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which先研究下面两个例句：1.Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.=Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇
12、。2.Tomdidntpassthephysicsexam,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：1在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。2在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，whic
13、h可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句2。再如：1Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。2Thestreethasntbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）3Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不用as
14、）4Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）5Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在suchas、thesameas、as、asmany/muchas等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：1.Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficultforbeginners.这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。=Bookssuc
15、hasthisare=Bookslikethisare2.Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(does).我和他住再同一座大楼里。3.Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.他认识所有到会的人。4.Thatdayweallgotupearlyasusual.那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。“Oneofthe+复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：1Thatisoneofthebooksthatarerequiredforstudya
16、tschool.2Thisisoneofthemostwonderfulnovelsthathavebeenpublishedsince1990.3SheisoneofthefewpersonswhoknowSpanish.4Thisisoneofthemostfamousplaysthatwerewritteninthethirties,如果oneof+复数名词这一结构前面带有theonly、thevery之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：1.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFre
17、nchinourschool.(修饰theonlyone)HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.(修饰theteachers)2.Thisistheonlyoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.(修饰theonlyone)Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.(修饰rooms)as与which引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。1.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.当与such或thesame连用时
18、，一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.3.当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.4.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.