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1、部分考研真题汇总(语言学导论部分)北京外国语大学I Explain the following terms.1. langue (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)提示： Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey i
2、nformation to humanbeings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer“duality ”(of structure)to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units (
3、such as morphemes, words, etc). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power.The traffic light system does not have duality, bec
4、ause its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. Oneform corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop. The traffic light system is more l
5、ike animal communicative system rather than human language.北京第二外国语大学I Complete each of the following statements.1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsis called. (2004)2. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language
6、 should be used is .(2004，2008)3. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is function.( 2005， 2008 ， 2010)4. In Saussure s views, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (conce
7、pt) is .(2005)5. By is meant the property of having two levels of structures, suchthat units of the primary level are composedof elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (2005)6. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of struct
8、ures, such that units of the level are composed of elements of thelevel and each of the two levels has its own principles oforganization. （2006）7. According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics isthe ideal speaker s rather than his performance.（2006）8. In linguistics, languages are
9、 studied at a theoretical point intime: one describes a state of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.（2006）9. The features that define our humanlanguages can be called features.（2006）10. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which
10、are not present （in time and space） at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as .（2007， 2009 ）11. Semantics and investigate different aspects of linguisticmeaning. （2007）12. Chomsky initiated the distinction between and performance.（2007）13. The is the minimal distinctive unit in gram
11、mar, a unit whichcannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（ 2008）14. The branch of grammarwhich studies the internal structure of sentence is called . （2008， 2010 ）15. Both semantics and investigate linguistic meaning, but theyfocus on
12、different aspect. （2009）16. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct useof language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is linguists. （2009）II. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false.1. The most important sociological use of language is th
13、e recreational function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society. （ 2005）2. “Competence”and “performance ”are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure. （2005）3. The description of a language at somepoint in time is called diachronic study. （2005, 2007 ）4. The distinction bet
14、ween “langue ”and “parole ”was proposed by Chomsky. （2010）III Complete each of the following statements using one of the given choices.1. The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speaker of a language is called.（ 2010）a. grammar rules deviceb. competence c. performanced. language2. T
15、he study of language at one point in time is a study.（2010）a. historicalb. synchronic c. descriptived. diachronicIV. Answer the questions briefly.1. Why is it difficult to define language?( 2004)2. How do you understand “displacement ”,a design feature of language? (2004)3. Howdo you understand “dua
16、lity ”, a design feature of language? (2010)4. How do you understand the performative function of language?(2009,2010)5. How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?(2009)6. How do you understand arbitrariness? (2009)V. Write a short essay in about 100 word
17、s according to each ofthefollowing questions.1. Howdo you understand the dichotomy between competence and performance postulated by Chomsky? ( 2008)2. What is phonology? And what is a phoneme?(2008)3. Howwell, in your opinion, does the word “communication ”represent the function of human language?(2
18、008)4. How do you understand “discreteness ”,a design feature of language? (2008)提示： Charles Francis Hockett was an American linguistic theorist who developed many influential ideas of American structuralism. He (1966) isolated 13 design features that characterize human language and which distinguis
19、h it from other communication systems. Discreteness is one of them. It means that the basic units of speech (such as sounds) can be categorized as belonging to distinct categories. There is no gradual, continuous shading from one sound to another in the linguistics system, although there maybe a con
20、tinuum in the real physical world. Thus speakers will receive a sound as either a p or a b, but not as blend, even if physically it falls somewhere between the two sounds. In other word, phonemes can be placed in distinct categories which differentiate them from one another, such as the distinct sou
21、nd of p versus b.首都师范大学I. Match the terms with their definitions.1. prescriptive study of language g. approach that aims at laying down rules (2010)北京航空航天大学I. Answer the following questions.1. What makes language unique to human beings? (2010)大连海事大学I Choose the correct answer.1. refers to the fact t
22、hat languages are organized in terms of two levels. (2004)A. DualityB. Displaceme ntC. ProductivityD.Arbitrari ness2. N. Chomsky defi nesas the ideal user kno wledge of the rules ofhis Ian guage, andthe actual realizati on of this kno wledge inlin guistic com muni catio n. (2004)A. la ngue, paroleB.
23、 compete nee, performa neeC. grammar, speechD. la nguage, writi ng3. is different from semantics in that it studies the use of Ianguagein com muni cati on, particularly betwee n senten ces and the con text andsituation in which they are used. (2004)A. PragmaticsB. Sema nticsC. Grammar D. functional4
24、. What is morphology? (2005)A. The study of the rules governing the sounds that form words.B. The study of the rules gover ning sentence formatio n.C. The study of the rules gover ning word formati on.D. The study of the rules of grammatical units of a Ianguage.II. Explain each of the followingpairs
25、 of terms with examples ifn ecessary.1. prescriptive and descriptive grammar (2005)III. Short an swers to the follow ing questi ons.1. What prescriptive rules for the proper ” use of English are not obeyed in the followi ng sen te nces? (2005)(a) That the girl I gave my roller skates to.(b) He wan t
26、ed to simply borrow your car for an hour.IV. Essay questi ons.1. Develop the following topic into a 200-300 word essay: The differenee between the prescriptive approach and the descriptive approach and the sig nifica nee in Ian guage lear ning. (2005)2. Write an essay on the_ unique_ properties_of_
27、humanlanguage in about 250 words, discussing in what ways these features are restricted to human Ian guage and uni ikely to be found in an imal com muni cati on systems.(2008)V. Mark the following statements with T if it is true or F if it is false.1. Different from pragmatics, semantics deals with
28、meaning without refere nee to the users and com muni cative fun cti ons of senten ces. (2008)VI. Match each term in Column A with its definition in Column B. (2009) Colu mn A1. phatic communionColu mn BA. the use of speech to mai ntai n social relati ons, e. g.Pleased tomeet you.VII. Explain the fol
29、lowing terms.1. Sociolinguistics(2009)河南大学I. Lexicology.1. Explain the following terms.Phoneme (2009)郑州大学I. Define the following terms.1. linguistic competence (2006)2. morpheme (2005)3. phatic function (2006)II. Answer the following questions.1. What are the seven basic functions of human language?
30、 Describe them and give brief explanation for each of them. (2006)2. Wardhauge (1977) defines language as“a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols used for human communication. ” Please elaborate this definition. (2005)3. What are the similarities and differences between Saussure s distinction of “Langue
31、vs. Parole ” and Chomskys distinction of “Competence vs. Performance ”? (2005)III. True or False questions. If a certain statement is false, please state the reason very briefly.1. In the history of any language the writing system always cameinto being before the spoken form. (2005)2. Linguistics is
32、 the course of language. (2006)3. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study. (2006)4. The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph. (2006)5. Semantics is the main part of linguistics. (2006)IV. Complete each statement with the best choice out of the four options.1. The
33、term linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to theapproach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. (2006)A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the langua
34、ge people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct ” linguistic behavior, it is said to be . (2006)A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistics C. descriptive D.psycholinguistic3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called . (2006)
35、A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics北京师范大学I. Define the following terms.1. langue (2004)2. parole (2004)II. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language. (2004)III. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms.1. synchronic and diachron
36、ic studies of language (2005)IV. What are the design features of language? Please explain them with examples. (2005)北京外国语大学I. Explain the following terms briefly.1. morpheme (2004)2. langue (2010)3. phoneme (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1. Whoproposed the distinction between competence an
37、d performance ? What is the significance of this distinction in linguistic studies? (2004)2. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)大连外国语学院I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true and F if they are false.1. Parole is the actual use of speaki
38、ng by the members of a community. (2004)2. Parole is the actual phenomena or data of utterances. (2003)3. Linguistics is generally defined as a scientific study of a particular language. (2003)4. Synchronic linguistics refers to approach which studies language over various periods of time and at var
39、ious historical stages. (2003)5. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative. (2004)6. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. (2004)7. The metalingual function of language enables humanbeings to talk ab
40、out the language itself. (2004)II. Fill in the following blanks.1. One of the design features termed as means that humanlanguagesenable their users to symbolize objects, events, and concepts which are present (in time and space) at the momentof communication. (2003)2. It is generally agreed that lin
41、guistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonologic, , syntactic, semantic, and. (2003)3. The basic functions of language are: informative, , , phatic, recreational and metalingual. (2003)III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. means language can be used to refe
42、r to contexts removed fromthe immediate situations of the speaker. (2003)A. Duality B. Assimilation C. Displacement D. ContextIV. Answer the following questions.1. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics? (2003)武汉大学I. Explain and exemplify the following terms.1. dua
43、lity (2007)II. Briefly answer the following questions.1. What are linguistic competence and communicative competence? (2007)厦门大学1. What are the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in linguistic study? (2007)提示： The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describin
44、g how things are. A linguistics study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct ”behaviors. The former is about what language is like and the latter is about what language should be like.To say that linguistics is a desc
45、riptive science is to say that thelinguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of language community actually conform and do not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.2. Please use examples to illust
46、rate the functions of language. (2007)四川大学I. State in one sentence for each term, what you understand about the following terms.1. productivity (design feature of language) (2007)2. phatic function of language(2007)3. descriptive study of linguistics (2007)II. Answer the following questions in about
47、 150 words each.1. How is the relation between sound and meaning classified? (2007)提示： Sound and meaning are in fact related arbitrarily. That is to say, there is actually no natural relationship between a linguistic sign and its meaning.But language is not absolutely arbitrary, the relation between
48、 a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.Duality means the language s property of having two levels of structures: the system of sounds, which is the meaningless level of the language system, and the system of meanings.The sound system of a language contains a limited number of meaningless discrete sound segments that can be used again and again in various combinations t