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1、英语阅读理解能力的养成,湖南师大附中 黄长泰,1、阅读理解的语言基础,1）篇章的联结手段,2）词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,2、阅读理解的技巧和方法,1）正确阅读习惯的养成,2）正确有效的阅读方法,3、阅读理解题的题型分析,1）文章的主旨和大意,2）主旨大意语事实和细节,3）根据上下文揣测词义,4）句子的意义与上下文之间的逻辑关系,5）判断推理和引申,6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度,1、阅读理解的语言基础,阅读理解题的测试目的：,应试者的综合语言能力：, 运用语言知识（词汇和语法） 的能力； 认知能力； 阅读技能.,1）篇章的联结手段,语篇的连贯性是通过合理的联结来体现出来的。,主要的联结方式有：语法
2、手段、词汇衔接和逻辑关系语,1、时间关联成分：,表示事物发生的顺序：先时性、同时性和后时性。,1）先时性关联成分：, 形容词：earlier, former, previous, 副词：already, before, ago, beforehand first, previously, 介词：before this/that, in advance, by now, not long before, until now until then, up to now / then,Examples:, He finally handed a good essay. His previous es
3、says were all poor., If you want to have dinner in this restaurant at this time of the day, youd better make a preservation beforehand.,1）同时性关联成分：, 形容词：contemporary, 副词：meamtime, meanwhile, now, presently, then, just then, 介词：at this point, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, at the same time,Example
4、s:, The death of the president was reported on TV. A simultaneous announcement was broadcast on the radio., I went to college 2 years ago. Meanwhile, all my friends got well-paid jobs.,1）后时性关联成分：, 形容词：following, later, next, 副词：after, afterwards, immediately, finally, later, since, then, soon, 介词：af
5、ter a while, in a moment, after that/this,Examples:, The mother went to the supermarket to buy some food at 4:30. Later, she picked up her children at school., We visited the Great Wall on the first day. in the following days, we visited many other places of interest, including the Forbidden City an
6、d the Summer Palace.,2、地点关联成分：,地点关联成份主要用来表示位置、地点或方向的词语,above, around, before, beyond, beneath,close to, further, here, in front of, on theleft, over, under, next to, opposite, on topof, at the bottom / back of, at the foot of,inside, outside等等。,On Friday morning, I was at the frontdoor talking to a
7、caller. Suddenly we heard a crash and two cars collided justopposite. We hurried across to see if we could help. One driver was scrambling out, bleeding profusely, and my visitor, helped him over to the pavement. Then along came some people, running up the street. I dashed backing and phoned for hel
8、p. When I went out again, the other driver, trying to move his car down the road a little and into the side.,3、照应：,照应是指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。,One day the sun and the wind had a quarrel. The sun said he was stronger than the wind. And the wind said he wasstronger than the sun.,Mary didnt go to class yester
9、day becauseshe was sick.,Listen to this! They have cancelled Fridays meeting.,Tom, Mother says we are going to the zootomorrow.,You said Tim had an accident. Thats really too bad!,2)人称照应：,人称照应是由人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词体现出来的。,My wife and I are leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. We have already booked the ti
10、ckets.,You and Jane can stay here for the night.Im sure youll enjoy yourselves.,Peter married a Chinese girl. He met herin Shanghai. His parents werent pleased.They visited her parents, but not his.,You really ought to ask Sally not to tell astory like that to ass those friends of hersif she thinks
11、they might be going to be working with John, unless she can be quite sure its not going to go any further.I hardly think it would appeal to his sense of humour.,2)指示照应：,表示指示照应词： 指示代词：定冠词：指示性副词：,this, that, these, thosethehere, there, now, then,用that 或those来指代前面刚提到的事情： His car broke down on the way.
12、That is why he was late this morning.,We have no more money for the repairs. Thats our trouble.,用this来指下面要谈到的事情： This is what I want to know: Has the mail arrived yet?,this 和those 可以用来指代前面提到的事 物，以避免重复该名词。that可以用来 指代单数的可数名词和不可数名词； those则用来指复数的代可数名词。,The water in this well is cleaner than that in that
13、.,(that in that = the water in that well),The cover of my book is more beautiful than that of yours.,（that of yours = the cover of your book）,I dont like the clothes here but I prefer those in the window.,（those=the clothes）,this和these指代近一些的事物；that和those指代远一些的事物。,There seems to have been a great dea
14、l ofcarelessness. This is what I cant under-stand.,A: There seems to have been a great deal of carelessness.B: Thats what I cant understand.,We went to the opera last night. That wasour first outing for months.,We are going to the opera tonight. This will be our first outing for months.,Mary had a b
15、ad cold yesterday. Thats why she didnt go to the meeting.,These language options are open to ourstudents: Spanish, French and German.,He told a story like this: Long, long ago, there lived in the forest an old hunter,定冠词可用来表示前照应：,John bought a TV and a vedio player. But he returned the vedio player
16、the nextday.,John bought a bike. But when he rode it,one of the wheels came off.,副词here可以表示前后照应；there只能表示后照应：,Here is the news. The president is flying,There seems to have been a great deal ofcarelessness. Here is what I cant under-stand.,Hong Kong is a famous city. I have beenthere three times on b
17、usiness.,now和then通常用于前照应：,We have had our dinner; now lets have some coffee.,In my young days, we were more serious. We had different ideas then.,3)比较照应：,比较照应是通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式或其他一些表示比较的词语表现出来的，也就是那些表示同异、相似、差别、质于量的优劣的词语。,John took two hours to reach London. Bill, on the other hand, was driving moreslo
18、wly.,Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocketmoney. Bob receives the same amount.,How much pocket money does Bob geteach week?,Jim has 120 stamps but Tim has fiftymore.,How mamy stamps does Tim have?,3)分句照应：,分句照应是指：某些词语所指的对象不是词或短语， 而是分句、句子或语篇。, 既用于前照应，也用于后照应： here, this, it,There seems to have been a
19、great deal ofcarelessness. Here is what I cant under-stand.,Here is the news I heard from the radion:Two Japanese air force pilots were missing after their training jet crashed into the sea off southern Japan yesterday.,Many students never improve. They get noadvice and therefore they keep repeating
20、 the same mistake. It is a terrible shame.,It never should have happened. She wentout leaving the baby unattended., 只用于前照应： that, (the) above, the foregoing,Many years ago their wives quarrelled over some trival matter, now long forgot-ton. But one word led to another and the permanent rupture betwe
21、en them. Thats why the two men never visit each others house., 只用于后照应： as follows, the following, below, thus,Below is an example of an informal letter:Dear Frank, All the best,Jim,4、替代,替代是指用替代形式来代替上下文中出现的词句：,避免重复；连接上下文。,Have you got any knives? I need a sharp one.,A: Does Mary dance?B: No, but Jane
22、 does.,替代的分类：,名词性替代；动词性替代；分句性替代,名词性替代：one, ones, the same,Mr. Cook was an excellent captain, one who took good care of his sailors.,He goes about interviewing retired sailors who served in the pre-1914 navy. The one that he met in Devon last week was a fascinating storyteller.,I wish Id bought a few
23、 jars of honey. Didyou notice the ones they were selling by the roadside?,A: Ill have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give me the same, please.,名词的可数与不可数：,替代的分类：,Jane needs a new bike. Shes decided to buy one.,Here is the fruit. Would you like some?,动词性替代：do, do so,A: Will you be attendi
24、ng the meeting this evening?B: I may do.,A: Does granny take care of you every day?B: She cant do at weekends. Because she has to do her own house.,John smokes a lot. Does his father do so?,分句性替代：so, not,John hasnt found a job yet. He told me so.,A: Can you come cack next week?B: Im afraid not.,A: D
25、o you think John will win the match?B: Yes, I think so.,A: The bridge has not been completed yet.B: No, they say not.,1) 词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,（1）词汇衔接是为了使语篇语义连贯： 复现关系和同现关系。,复现关系：原词、同义词、近义词、 上义词、下义词、概括词等等。, 原词复现：,The history of plastics is longer than you might think. In fatct that the first man-made plastics e
26、ver to appear on the market was made 300 years ago., 同义词、近义词复现：,He got a lot of presents from his friends and family. All of the gifts were wrapped in colored paper.,Grades are the first concern of most Chinese senior high school students. They work hard to get high marks.,Everything faded in mist.
27、The past was erased, the erasure was forgotten, and the lie became true., 上义词和下义词复现：,animal是sheep, cow, wolf, tiger的上义词dog, cat, horse, fox是animal的下义词。,Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The birdcovered the distance in three minutes.,You will need to take tools wi
28、th you. You can get a saw, a screwdriver and a hammer from most big department stores., 概括词复现：people, man, woman, place, do, make, etc.,Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva? Ive been to the place.,A: What shall I do with all this crockery?B: Leave the stuff there; someone will put it away.,同现关系：词
29、汇共同出现的倾向性。,A great number of high school graduates, continue their education in one of the manycolleges or universities in the country. After 4 years, they receive a bachelors degree. Some continue studying for a masters degree and perhaps a doctors degree.,A great number of high school graduates, c
30、ontinue their education in one of the manycolleges or universities in the country. After 4 years, they receive a bachelors degree. Some continue studying for a masters degree and perhaps a doctors degree.,When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better
31、to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases, the doctor may prescibe a placebo.,When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes y
32、ou feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases, the doctor may prescibe a placebo.,1) 逻辑关系语,逻辑关系语是指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段。,逻辑关系语的分类： 连词和副词：and, but, for, the
33、n, yet, so, therefore, anyway, 等。 短语：in addition, as a result, on the contrary, in other words, 等。 分句：considering all that, to conlude, that is to say, what is more, what is more important, 表示列举：,first, second; firstly, secondly;for one thing(and) for another, in thefisrt place; first of all; to beg
34、in with; tostart with; for a start; next, finally; then; in concluison; last of all; to conclude, etc.,表示增补：,and; and also; also; too; andtoo; further more; in addition; besides; moreover; what is more; etc.,Im looking for a job. Furthermore, Im not going to look for a job.,The public can see the pa
35、intings next week. What is more, they can buy them for as little as ten dollars upwards.,表示转折和对比：,still, but, yet, nevertheless, all the same, though, instead, anyhow, on the contrary,in fact, at the same time, on the other hand, as a matter of fact, by contrast, while, wheras,You were not boring me
36、, on the contrary.you are intersting me frightfully., 表示解释：,that is, that is to say, in other words, forinstance, such as, namely, for example,to put it another way,Here is a scholar who is devoted to his research, to reprehensive extent. That is to say, he neglects his family and does not fulfil hi
37、s responsibilities as a citizen.,Here is a scholar who is devoted to his research, to reprehensive extent. That is to say, he neglects his family and does not fulfil his responsibilities as a citizen., 表示同等：,equally, likewise, namely, similarly, in thesame way, in other words, that is, I mean,that i
38、s to say, etc.,You must pack plenty of food for the journey. Likewise, youll need, warm clothes, so pack them too.,He is being foolish. In other words, he is behaving foolishly., 表示同等：,for, since, because, as, due to, because of,on account of, owing to, thanks to, 表示结果：,accordingly, consequently, he
39、nce, now, so, therefore, thus, as consequence, in consequence, for that reason, of course,He was too sick. Accordingly, we sent himto hospital., 表示推论：,else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.,A: Please give my regards to John.B: Then, you are coming with me?,You say your father migh
40、t object? In that case I will not press the matter.,You must get some petrol, otherwise, we will not have enough to get us to the next town., 表示总结：,altogether, overall, then, thus, (all) in all, in conclusion, in sum, in short, in short, in brief, on the whole, to conclude, to sumup, to summarize, e
41、tc.,He lost his watch, his car broke down, and he got a letter of complaint from a customer: all in all, he had a bad day.,The film has a very unusual plot, with plenty of action. Both the acting, and photography are excellent. To sum up, this is a film shoul not miss., 表示替换：,again, or, rather, bett
42、er (still), worse, on the other hand, or at least, or rather, etc.,You can walk home. Or rather, I can give you a lift in my car.,If things get any worse, we might have to arrange a public meeting to discuss the matter. Better still, we could even organizea demonstration., 表示转题：,now, by the way, to
43、change the subject,We have settled that at last. Now, whats the other thing we wanted to discuss?,I must go now. By the way if you want that book Ill bring it next time.,Practice:,As water flows along, it picks up sands, pebbles, even boulders. By this proccess, huge amounts of mud and rock, are mov
44、ed from the land to the sea. Each year the Mississippi River carries 730 million tons of solid matter in the the Gulf of Mexico.,A placedo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even thoguh they have medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begin to get better. How does this happen?,A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even thoguh they have medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begin to get better. How does this happen?,