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1、Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Chapter 5The Skeletal System,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletal System,Organs of the skeletal systemCartilagesBonesJointsLigamentsTwo subdivisions of the skeletonAxial skeletonAppendicular skeleton,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Functions of Bones,Support the bodyProtect soft organsSkull and vertebr
2、ae protect brain and spinal cordRib cage protects thoracic cavity organsAttached skeletal muscles allow movementStore minerals and fatsCalcium and phosphorusFat in the internal marrow cavityBlood cell formation (hematopoiesis)In the bone marrow,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Human Body,The adult sk
3、eleton has 206 bonesTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact boneDense, smooth, and homogeneousSpongy boneSmall needle-like pieces of boneMany open spaces,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Classification of Bones,Bones are classified on the basis of shapeLongShortFlatIrregular,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Classification of Bon
4、es,Long bonesTypically longer than they are wideShaft with heads situated at both endsContain mostly compact boneAll of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones),Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Classification of Bones,Short bonesGenerally cube-shapedContain mostly spongy boneInclude bones o
5、f the wrist and ankleSesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within the tendons, such as patella, pisiform,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Classification of Bones,Flat bonesThin, flattened, and usually curvedTwo thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy boneExamples are sternum and some of
6、 the bones in the skull,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Classification of Bones,Irregular bonesIrregularly shapedDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExamples are vertebrae and hip bones,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Anatomy of a Long Bone,DiaphysisShaftComposed of compact boneEpiphysisEnds of the boneCompos
7、ed mostly of spongy bone,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Anatomy of a Long Bone,PeriosteumOutside covering of the diaphysisFibrous connective tissue membranePerforating (Sharpeys) fibers secure periosteum to underlying boneArteries supply bone cells with nutrients,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Anatomy of a Long Bone,Articu
8、lar cartilageCovers the external surface of the epiphysesMade of hyaline cartilageDecreases friction at joint surfaces,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Anatomy of a Long Bone,Epiphyseal plateFlat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone (growth plate)Causes lengthwise growth of a long boneEpiphyseal
9、 lineRemnant of the epiphyseal plateSeen in adult bones,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Anatomy of a Long Bone,Marrow (medullary) cavity Cavity inside the shaftContains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adultsContains red marrow for blood cell formation in infantsIn adults, red marrow is situated in cavities of spon
10、gy bone and epiphyses of some long bones,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bone Markings,Surface features of bonesSites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligamentsPassages for nerves and blood vesselsCategories of bone markingsProjections or processes: grow out from the bone surfaceTerms often begin with “T
11、”, e.g. trochanter, tubercleDepressions or cavities: indentationsTerms often begin with “F”, e.g. fossa, foramen,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Microscopic Anatomy of Bone,Osteon (Haversian system)A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix ringsCentral (Haversian) canalOpening in the center of an osteon
12、Perforating (Volkmanns) canalCanal perpendicular to the central canalCarry blood vessels and nerves,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Microscopic Anatomy of Bone,LamellaeRings around the central canalLacunaeSpaces containing bone cells (osteocytes)Arranged in concentric rings,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Microscopic Anatomy
13、 of Bone,Canaliculi Tiny canalsRadiate from the central canal to lacunaeForm a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Formation of the Human Skeleton,In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilageDuring development, much of this cartilage is repla
14、ced by boneCartilage remains in isolated areasBridge of the noseParts of the ribsJoints,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bone Growth (Ossification),Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of the long bones during childhoodNew cartilage is continuously formedOlder cartilage becomes ossifiedCartilage is broke
15、n downEnclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavityBone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bone Growth (Ossification),Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stopsBones are remodeled in response to two factorsBlood calcium levelsPull
16、of gravity and muscles on the skeletonBones grow in width (called appositional growth),Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Types of Bone Cells,Osteocytes: mature bone cells osteocytes includes: osteoblast, osteoclastOsteoblasts: bone-forming cellsOsteoclasts: bone-destroying cel
17、lsBreak down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bone Fractures,Fracture: break in a boneTypes of bone fracturesClosed (simple) fracture: break that does not pene
18、trate the skinOpen (compound) fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skinBone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Common Types of Fractures,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Repair of Bone Fractures,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Axial Skeleton,Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
19、Composed of 80 bones Divided into three partsSkullVertebral columnBony thorax,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skull,Two sets of bonesCraniumUnpaired: frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoidPaired: parietal and temporalFacial bonesPaired: nasal, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchaeUn
20、paired: mandible and vomerBones are joined by sutures, except for the mandible, which is attached by a freely movable joint (temporomandibular joint or TMJ),Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Cranial Bone Connections,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Faci
21、al Bone Connections,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Paranasal Sinuses,Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavityThere are 4 pairsFunctions of paranasal sinusesLighten the skullGive resonance and amplification to voice,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Hyoid Bone,The only bone in the body that does not articulate wit
22、h any other boneServes as a movable base for the tongueAids in swallowing and speech,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Ear Bones,Also known as auditory ossiclesEnclosed within the temporal boneMost delicate bones in the bodyLocated in the middle ear chamberFunction is to transmit sound waves,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Fet
23、al Skull,The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body lengthFetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull, which is 1/8 body lengthFontanels are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bonesAllow skull compression during birthAllow the brain to grow during later pregnancy an
24、d infancyConvert to bone within 24 months after birth,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Vertebral Column,Vertebral column provides axial support Extends from skull to the pelvis26 single vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs7 cervical vertebrae12 thoracic vertebrae5 lumbar vertebrae9 vertebrae fuse
25、 to form two composite bonesSacrum formed by the fusion of 5 vertebraeCoccyx (tailbone) formed by the fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Vertebral Column,Primary curvatures Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regionsPresent from birthForm a C-shaped curvature as in newbornsSecond
26、ary curvatures Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regionsDevelop after birthForm an S-shaped curvature as in adults,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Vertebral Column,Abnormal spinal curvaturesScoliosisLateral curvatureKyphosisHunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvatureLordosisSwayback, exaggerated lumbar
27、curvature,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,A Typical Vertebra,Body (centrum)Vertebral archPedicleLaminaVertebral foramenTransverse processesSpinous processSuperior and inferior articular processes,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Features of Different Vertebrae,CervicalAtlas (C1) and axis (C2)Transverse foramenThoracicFacet fo
28、r rib attachmentLumbarMassive body,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Sacrum and Coccyx,SacrumArticulates with lumbar vertebra and hip bonesCoccyxTailbone or the remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bony Thorax,Forms a cage to protect major organsConsists of three partsSternumThoracic ve
29、rtebraeRibsTrue ribs (pairs 1 7)False ribs (pairs 8 12)Floating ribs (pairs 11 12),Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Axial bones: 80Skull 8 _14Hyoid-1Ear bones-6Spine-7，12，5，1，1Rib cage -1，24,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Appendicular Skeleton,Composed of 126 bonesDivided intoUpper and lower limbs (appendages)Pectoral (shoul
30、der) girdlePelvic (hip) girdle,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle,Composed of two bonesScapula (shoulder blade)Articulates with the clavicle at the acromion processArticulates with the humerus at the glenoid fossaClavicle (collarbone)Articulates with the sternum medially and with the scap
31、ula laterallyLight, poorly reinforced girdle Allows the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Scapula and Clavicle,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Upper Limbs,HumerusForms the upper armHead articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapulaDistally articulates with the bo
32、nes of the forearm (radius and ulna),Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Upper Limbs,The forearm has two bonesUlnaMedial bone in anatomical positionRadiusLateral bone in anatomical positionBoth proximally articulate with the humerus to form elbow jointBoth distally articulate with the wrist bones,Skelet
33、onsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Upper Limbs,HandCarpals: wrist 8 bones arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones in each handMetacarpals: palm5 per handPhalanges: fingers14 phalanges in each handIn the thumb, there are only 2 bonesIn the rest of 4 finger, there are 3 bones per finger,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the U
34、pper Limbs,Proximal rowScaphoidLunateTriquetrumPisiformDistal rowTrapeziumTrapezoidCapitateHamate,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Pelvic (Hip) Girdle,Formed by 2 coxal (ossa coxae) bonesPelvic girdle 2 coxal bones + sacrumBony pelvis 2 coxal bones + sacrum + coccyxThe total weight of the upper body
35、rests on the pelvisPelvis protects several organsReproductive organsUrinary bladderPart of the large intestine,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Pelvic Girdle,Coxal bone is composed of 3 pairs of fused bonesIliumIschiumPubisSpecial structuresAcetabulumObturator foramen,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Gender Differ
36、ences of the Pelvis,The females pelvis:Inlet is larger and more circularPelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinnerIlia flare more laterallySacrum is shorter and less curvedIschial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus, the outlet is largerPubic arch is more rounded be
37、cause the angle of the pubic arch is greater,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Lower Limbs,Femur: thigh boneThe heaviest and strongest and longest bone in the bodyHead articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal (hip) boneLateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia and patella to form the k
38、nee joint,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Lower Limbs,The lower leg has two bonesTibia: shinboneLarger and medially orientedMedial and lateral condyles articulate with the femur and patella to form the knee jointFibula: thin and sticklikeLateral to the tibiaHas no role in forming the knee jointBoth
39、bones distally articulate with the ankle bones,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Bones of the Lower Limbs,FootTarsals7 bones2 largest tarsalsCalcaneus (heel bone)TalusMetatarsals5 bones form the sole of the footPhalanges14 bones form the toes,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Arches of the Foot,Bones of the foot are arranged to
40、form three strong archesTwo longitudinalMedialLateralOne transverse,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Hand:27Forearm:2Upperarm:1Shoulder girdle:2Coxal:1Thigh:1Knee:1Lower leg:2 foot:26,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Joints,Joints are articulations Two or more bones meetFunctions of jointsHold bones togetherAllow for mobilityT
41、wo ways joints are classifiedStructurallyFunctionally,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Structural Classification of Joints,Fibrous jointsGenerally immovableCartilaginous jointsImmovable or slightly movableSynovial jointsFreely movable,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Functional Classification of Joints,Synarthroses syn-togethe
42、r arthro-jointImmovable jointsAmphiarthroses Slightly movable jointsDiarthroses dia-complete, throughFreely movable joints,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Features of a Synovial Joint,Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavitySynovial fluid is found in the joint cavityFour distinguishing features of syno
43、vial jointsArticular cartilageArticular capsuleJoint cavityReinforcing ligaments,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Structures Associated with Synovial Joints,Bursae Flattened fibrous sacsLined with synovial membranesFilled with synovial fluidNot actually part of the jointBursitis is the inflammation of the bursaTe
44、ndon sheathElongated bursa that wraps around a tendonTendonitis is the inflammation of the tendon sheath, not tendon itself,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Types of Synovial Joints,Plane jointHinge jointPivot jointCondylar jointSaddle jointBall-and-socket joint,Skeletonsystem骨骼系统,Skeletal Changes Throughout Life,OsteoporosisBone-thinning disease afflicting 50 percent of women over age 65 20 percent of men over age 70Disease makes bones fragile, and bones can easily fracture,