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1、Instrument Approaches,ILS Approaches,-AIM 1-1-9-IFH p. 7-28,FAA fig 96 & 97 HSI/Localizer1)Match aircraft heading to HSI indication2) “Needle on the right (relative to course selector arrow)- youre in the white”,ILS Categories & Minimums,Three classificationsCategory Iinstrument ratedcurrentaircraft
2、 equipped,Category II & IIIlower minimumsspecial certification for operators, pilots, aircraft, and air/ground equipment,ILS Components,Localizer,Alignment with runway centerlineEmits a navigational array from far end of runwayFront courseBack courseOnly one magnetic course to runwayVOR indicator ve
3、rsus HSISensitivity (approx. 2.5 full-scale deflection vs. 10 for VOR),The Localizer Transmitter Antenna Array 1,000 Feet Beyond The End Of The Runway,.,Glide Slope,The glide slope transmitter is:close to the approach endoffsetelevatedBest reliability from minimum glide slope altitude to DHFull scal
4、e deflection is 0.7 above and below,The Glide Slope Transmitter Beside The Approach End Of The Runway,FAA fig 139, 140,141,Marker Beacons,ILS Marker Beacons - range info with respect to runwayOuter marker (OM) from 4 to 7 milesMiddle marker (MM) usually 3500 feet from landing thresholdintercepts 3 g
5、lide slope at about 200 feet above touchdown zoneInner marker (IM) for Cat II or IIICat II DH or Cat III progress,Compass Locators,Low power 25 watts / 15 miles range Low or medium frequency (L/MF) radio beaconCollocated with OM or MMOM, called Locator Outer Marker (LOM)MM, called Locator Middle Mar
6、ker (LMM),ILS RWY 30 Las Cruces Intl (NM),Compass Locators,Morse codeLOM is identified by first two lettersLMM is identified by last two lettersOf Localizer/airport ID,DME,Many times placed near localizer or glide slope transmitterDME in lieu of outer markerDME associationCompare ILS RWY 11L TucsonI
7、LS/DME RWY 21L Prescott,Visual Information,Approach Lighting systemsRunway Lighting systemsDifferent approach light configurations will allow changing landing minimums for ILS approachesWith RVR, HIRL is requiredRunway edge lights for night required,Inoperative Components,ILS not authorized when:Loc
8、alizer out of serviceNo substitute available for OMSubstitutions for Outer Marker: Compass Locator, PAR, DME.Jeppesen has changes incorporated into minimums section.NACO has separate table inside TPP front cover.,Flying the ILS,Stabilize airspeed, altitude, and drift correction prior to glide slope.
9、Lead descent to intercept glide slope.Rate of descent depends on groundspeed. (Inside TPP back cover)The closer you are, the smaller the corrections.,Rate of Descent Table,Rate of Descent Table,Flying the ILS,Middle marker is an indication only - DH on glideslope is the MAP!Scan attentively.Practice
10、 these approaches on a computer flight simulation.If youre doing nothing, somethings happening!,Common Errors on ILS,You CANNOT learn t fly an ILS from a Picture,ILS Approach,ILS Approach,ILS Approach,ILS Approach,If the runway or runway environment is not visible when the pilot reaches DH, then he/
11、she must “go missed.”,When the pilot crosses the OM, he/she will get an aural and visual alert,Once established inbound on the localizer, the pilot can descend from 2,800 to 1,600,until the glideslope is intercepted, at which point the descent along the slope commences,DA for the S-ILS 23 Approach i
12、s 598 (302agl),How will the pilot know how far to descend along the glideslope if he/she doesnt see the field?,From the Outer Marker they have 3.8 miles to the runway threshold,Missed Approach Procedure,Localizer Approach,Can be flown even though glide slope is working.Higher minimums - MDASeen also
13、 as separate approachesLocalizer back course approach:May receive false glide slope signal Ignore it!Basic VOR receiver is reverse sensingHSI is directional when ILS front course is selected.,Localizer Approach,Localizer Approach,Localizer Approach,Once Established Inbound on the Localizer, The pilo
14、t can descend from 2,800 to 1,600, which tells the pilot to begin his/ her timer and descend to MDA,If the runway or runway environment is not visible when the pilot “times out,” he/she must “go missed.”,When the pilot crosses the OM, he/she will get an aural and visual alert,From the FAF they have
15、3.8 miles left to the runway threshold,Localizer Approach,When the pilot reaches RICKE Intersection, he/she will head outbound for 1-2 minutes on a course of 048o, reverse tracking the localizer, at an altitude of 2,800,The pilot will then execute the procedure turn here, remaining at 2,800,MDA for
16、the S-LOC 23 Approach is 1,020,Missed Approach Procedure,Localizer Directional Aid (LDA),Essentially a Localizer not aligned with the centerline of the runwayMay be straight in if angle to runway is less than 30oIf angle exceeds 30o then only circling minimums are publishedComparable utility and acc
17、uracy to Localizer; some LDAs are equipped with a glide slopeLDA width between 3o and 6o (like the ILS Localizer)3-letter code with the “I” (two dots) used for the Localizer,ROSSLYN LDA RWY 19,Localizer Directional Aid (LDA),LDA,Note the Visual Approach Path,Simplified Directional Facility (SDF),Sim
18、ilar to ILS and LDA Localizer but less accurateSimplified directional facilityNo glide slope at allMay be offset from runway centerlineWhere the ILS or LDA Localizer is typically between 3o and 6o , the SDF is fixed at either 6o or 12o 3-letter code without the “I” (two dots) used for the Localizer,
19、MLS Approach,Typically a military facility.Requires sophisticated receivers not normally found on most aircraft.Displays on conventional ILS/VOR displaysProvides precision navigation guidance in both azimuth and elevation.Has a wider approach path than ILS (40o vs. 35o on either side of approach cen
20、terline).Has simultaneous voice communications capability.,Microwave Landing System Approach,MLS,MLS RWY 27,MLS Approach,Microwave landing systemPrecision approachMultiple final approach pathscurved pathsmultiple glide slope anglesBack azimuth possible for missed approach guidance and departureIdent
21、ified by “M - ”,ILS Approaches to Parallel Runways,Divided into 3 classes based upon:1) Runway centerline separation2) ATC procedure and capabilitiesPilot considerations:See situationally whats going on,Parallel ILS Approaches,Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS Approach,4,300 apart due to the precision
22、 runway monitor (PRM)At least 1 second updates on each targetHigh resolution color ATC displayAudio and visual alert systems for controllersSoftware for projecting aircraft track vectors,Simultaneous ILS,ILS/DME RWY 34L - Salt Lake CitySmall ILS feathered arrow means Independent which is 4,300,ILS R
23、WY 25R Los AngelesSee noteSidestep minimums,Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approach,Possible with runways 15 to 100Criteria:MAPs at least 3 miles apartMissed approach procedures do not overlapAll terminate with a straight-inFly as normalDFW uses this Occasionally,ILS RWY 3 Ogden-Hinckley (UT),ILS RWY 25L Las Vegas - McCarran,ILS RWY 25L PHX Sky Harbor,