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1、2012自贡中考化学试题及答案四川省自贡市2012年初中毕业生学业考试 化学试题 一、(本大题包括15小题，共30分) 1(下列物质中属于纯净物的是 A(空气 B(澄清石灰水 C(一氧化碳 D(生铁 2(以下有关铁的变化，属于物理变化的是 A(铁丝燃烧 B(铁器生锈 C(铁杵磨成针 D(铁矿石炼铁 3(下列选项中物质的名称、俗名、化学式一致的是 A(二氧化碳 冰CO B(氢氧化钙 熟石灰 Ca(OH) 22C(氧化钙 石灰石 CaO D(氧气 臭氧 O 34(给农作物施用下列一种化肥就能增加两种需要量较大的营养元素，这种化肥是 A(NHHCO B(KSO C(Ca(PO) D(KNO 4324
2、34235(实验室中下列物质因没有密封保存而使质量减少的是 A(浓硫酸 B(生石灰 C(烧碱 D(浓盐酸 6(酸具有酸的通性的原因是 +A(酸都能电离出H B(酸都含有酸根 C(酸中都含有氢元素 D(酸中都含有氧元素 7(下列关于锌、铁、铜的说法错误的是 A(均可以导电 B(均可以和氧气反应 C(均可以和稀盐酸反应 D(铁能与硫酸铜溶液的溶质发生置换反应 8(正确的实验操作是科学探究成功的基础。下列操作中正确的是 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through
3、 supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investiga
4、ted for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a c
5、ounterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors
6、, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led
7、to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage A(取用少量液体 B(过滤 C(闻气味 D(稀释浓硫酸 9(下列叙述错误的是 A(“2H”表示2个氢原子 B(分子总是在不断运动 C(干冰中的分子间有间隔 D(原子失去电子后变成阴离子 10(人体吸入的O有2%转化为活性氧，它加速人体衰老，被称为“夺命杀手”。我国2科学家尝试用NaSeO清除人体内的活性氧，NaSeO中的Se(硒)元素的化合价是 2323A(，2 B(
8、，4 C(，6 D(,2 11(有甲、乙、丙三种纯净物，甲为黑色固体，乙、丙为无色气体。点燃时，甲既能生成乙，也能生成丙;丙点燃也能生成乙。以下关于这三种物质推断的叙述中，正确的是 A(甲是一种化合物 B(乙是一氧化碳 C(丙是一氧化碳 D(丙是二氧化碳 12(下列叙述正确的是 A(为了强化食品的色香味，可以大量使用添加剂 B(油脂和糖类物质都能够为人体提供能量 C(合成纤维、合金、合成橡胶都是有机合成材料 D(焚烧塑料是解决“白色污染”的好办法 13(下列实验方法中错误的是 A(用肥皂水鉴别硬水和软水 B(用PH试纸测定溶液的酸碱度 C(用灼烧的方法鉴别羊毛和涤纶 D(用燃着的木条伸入集气瓶
9、内检验氧气是否集满 14(物质的结构决定物质的性质。下列关于物质结构与性质的说法错误的是 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the f
10、ollowing acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough v
11、erification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false inf
12、ormation or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identificatio
13、n and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage A(金刚石和石墨的物理性质不同，是由于碳原子的最外层电子数不同 B(金属钠和镁的性质不同，是由于钠
14、和镁的原子结构不同 C(生铁和钢的性质不同，是由于含碳量不同 D(CO好CO的性质不同，是由于CO与CO的分子构成不同 2215(物质X可发生下列所示的两个反应，则X可能是 ?X，碱?盐，水 ?X，金属氧化物?盐，水 A(CaO B(CO C(NaOH D(HSO 224五、(本大题包括4小题，共18分) 46(5分)(1)将元素、分子、原子、离子、中子或电子，选择正确的填入下列空+格内:Na与Na属于同一种_;带电的原子或原子团叫_。 (2)在SO、NaOH、粉尘、CO、甲醇、CO几种物质中，选择正确的填入下列空格内:22饮用假酒引起中毒导致眼睛失明，是由于假酒中含有_的原因;用煤炉取暖时发
15、生中毒，原因之一是由于室内_排放不畅而引起的;煤中一般都含有硫元素，煤燃烧时会产生污染空气的_气体。 47(4分)下表为元素周期表中某一周期元素的原子结构示意图。 请回答下列问题: (1)表中磷原子的核电荷数x=_。 (2)表中具有相对稳定结构的元素是_。 (3)铝元素与氯元素形成的化合物化学式为_。 (4)上述元素在周期表中处于同一周期的原因是_。 48. (4分)人类生活和工农业生产都离不开水，下图是自来水厂净化水的过程示意图: 请根据图示回答下列问题: office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing ma
16、nagement sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a c
17、rime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, un
18、true; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and
19、 approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity fo
20、r survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 清水池 (1)自来水厂生产自来水时，使用的净水方法有_(填序号)。 A(沉淀 B(过滤 C(煮沸 D(蒸馏 E(吸附 (2)取水后加入絮凝剂(明矾)的作用是_。 (3)自来水厂用ClO消毒，漂白粉有效成分为Ca(ClO)可用于饮用水消毒。工业上22制备漂白粉的化学方程式为:2Cl，2Ca(OH)=X，Ca(ClO)，2HO
21、, X的化学式2222为 。 (4)节约用水人人有责，请举出一种节水的措施_。 49.(5分)图示四种途径都可以得到氧气: 过氧化氢 氯酸钾 甲 乙 (1)写出实验室中通过甲、乙两种途径制取 氧气的化学方程式: 氧气 甲_; 丙 丁 乙_。 高锰酸钾 空气 (2)“绿色化学”是21世纪化学科学发展的重要方向之一。你认为在中学化学实验室中，甲、乙、丙三种制取氧气的途径中，_(填“甲”或“丙”)途径更体现化学实验的绿色化追求( 六、(本大题包括3小题，共17分) 50.(4分)氯化钠是生活必需品，也是重要的化工原料(提纯含少量泥沙的粗盐，一般经过以下操作流程: ?称量 ? 泥沙 粗盐 悬浊液 ?加
22、水搅? 滤液 精盐 拌 ?称量 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relev
23、ant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to partici
24、pate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found i
25、n a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not accor
26、ding to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage (1)操作?中需要将圆形滤纸折叠处理，下列图示中不该出现的情形是_(填序号)。D (2)操作?中除用到铁架台(带铁圈)、酒精灯、玻璃棒、坩埚钳外，还需要用到
27、_ 等仪器(该操作中容易造成食盐固体飞溅，为尽量减少飞溅，除连续搅拌外，你认为还可采取_等措施。 (3)实验结束后称量获得的精盐，并计算精盐的制得率，发现制得率较低，其可能原因是_(填序号)。 A(食盐没有全部溶解即过滤 B(蒸发时食盐飞溅剧烈 C(蒸发后，所得精盐很潮湿 D(器皿上沾有的精盐没全部转移到称量纸上 51. 实验室按下图所示装置制取CO，并检验CO的性质(试回答以下问题: 22(1)实验开始前，先应检查装置A的_。 (2)用装置A来制取CO，所用的药品是_和_(写化学式) 2(3)若要用装置B鉴定CO，在B中应盛放的试剂名称是_，当将标?和?2的导管口连接时，B中看到的实验现象是
28、_。 (4)若要用装置C证明CO能与水反应生成碳酸，C中除有少量水外，应加入的试剂是2_，当将标?和?的导管口连接时，C中看到的实验现象是_。 (5)烧杯D中放有燃着的蜡烛如图所示，当将标?和?的导管口连接时，D中看到的实验现象是_。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are correc
29、ted in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investiga
30、tion, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit busin
31、ess, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived,
32、and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan busi
33、ness in the of mortgage (6)继续设计并进行有关CO性质的探究实验，如装置E、F。先在装置E中放一个用2空气充胀的气球，制取一瓶二氧化碳倒入E装置后，出现如F装置实验现象。请回答:该实验的目的是探究_。 52.酒精灯是实验室中常用的加热仪器。为了探究酒精灯各层火焰温度的高低,某同学点燃酒精灯，仔细观察酒精灯火焰的分层情况后，取出一根火柴梗，拿住一端迅速平放入酒精灯火焰中，1,2s后取出，观察火柴梗位于火焰某一层的部分明显碳化。 (1)写出碳完全燃烧的化学方程式_。 (2)实验结论:_的温度最高。 (3)这层火焰温度最高的原因是_。 七、(本大题包括2小题，共10分) 5
34、3.(4分)(1)20?时，硝酸钾的溶解度为31.6g，其含义是:在20?时，_ _ 。 (2)在t?时，将一定质量的某不饱和硝酸钾溶液分成等质量的A、B两份。在恒温下， 将A溶液蒸发掉5g水，析出1g晶体;在恒温下，将B溶液蒸发掉10g水，析出3g晶体。则t?时硝酸钾的溶解度为_g。 54.(6分)造纸是我国古代四大发明之一，它有效地推动了人类文明的发展。 (1)回收农田产生的秸秆作为造纸原料，可以减少焚烧秸秆带来的环境污染。秸秆的主要成分是纤维素(CH0)n，纤维素中C、H、O三种元素的质量比为_(用6105最简整数比表示)。 (2)造纸会产生大量含NaOH的碱性废水，需经处理呈中性后排放
35、(若某造纸厂废水中NaOH的质量分数为l(6%，现有废硫酸9.8t(HSO的质量分数为20%)，可以处理24的废水质量是多少, 参考答案 1.C 2. C 3.B 4. D 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.D 46.(1)元素 离子 (2)甲醇 CO SO 2office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, sho
36、uld be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the bus
37、iness that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does n
38、ot provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of surve
39、y not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legit
40、imacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 47.(1)15 (2)Ar (3)AlCl (4)它们原子的核外电子层数相同 348.(1)ABE (2) 产生胶状物，吸附杂质，使杂质沉降(3)CaCl 2(4)生活节水:节水器具，中水利用 农业节水:节水灌溉，再生水灌溉 工业节水:技术改造，冷却水回收 切线的性质定理:圆的切线垂直于过切点的半径.三产节水:节水器具 生态节水:节水灌溉绿地，中水利用 4、初步学会应用加减法解决生活中简单问题，感受数学在日常生活中的作用,感受加减法与日常生活的密切联系,同时
41、获得一些初步的数学活动经验，发展解决问题和运用数学进行思考的能力。企业，建立相关用水制度监管浪费行为。收集雨水浇灌绿地，清洁使用，做好员工的思想教育。 个人，洗脸水、洗脚水可以冲马桶，养成随手关上水龙头的习惯等等 设O的半径为r，圆心O到直线的距离为d；dr 直线L和O相交.MnO MnO 2249.(1)甲:2HO=2HO，O? 乙:2KClO=2KCl，3O? 222232? 115.75.13加与减（二）2 P61-63 数学好玩2 P64-6750.(1)D (2)蒸发皿，来回移动酒精灯 (3)A、B、D 51.(1)气密性 (2)CaCO;HCl (3)氢氧化钙，变浑浊 3经过不在同
42、一直线上的三点,能且仅能作一个圆.(4)紫色石蕊溶液，紫色变成红色 (5)底下蜡烛先熄灭(6)CO的密度比空气大 252.(1)C ， O= CO (2)外焰 (3)外焰与空气(或氧气)接触更充分 2253. (1)20?时，100g水中溶解31.6g硝酸钾就达到饱和状态(2) 54.(1)36:5:40 第二章 二次函数(2)解:设可以处理废水的质量为X 2 NaOH ， HSO= NaSO， 2HO 2424 24、在教师的具体指导和组织下，能够实事求事地批评自己、评价他人。80 98 弓形：弦及所对的弧组成的图形叫做弓形。X 1.6% 9.8t20% 80/98= (X 1.6%)/(9
43、.8t20%) (1) 弧长公式: 弧长 (R表示圆的半径, n表示弧所对的圆心角的度数)X=100t 答:可以处理废水的质量为100t 。 本册教材在第五单元之后安排了一个大的实践活动，即“分扣子”和“填数游戏”。旨在综合运用所学的知识，从根据事物的非本质的、表面的特征把事物进行分类，发展到根据客观事物抽象、本质的特征进行不同方式的分类，促进孩子逻辑思维能力的发展。同时，安排学生填数游戏，旨在对孩子的口算能力、逻辑思维能力和观察能力的训练，感受数学的乐趣!office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing man
44、agement sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a cr
45、ime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, unt
46、rue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guaran