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1、2008年高考广东化学卷第一部分 选择题共67分 一(选择题(本题包括9小题，每小题3分，共27分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意) 1(Se是人体必需微量元素，下列关于的说法正确的是 A(互为同素异形体 B(互为同位素 C(分别含有44和46个质子 D(都含有34个中子 2(将钠、镁、铝各0.3mol 分别放入100mL 1 mol/L 的盐酸中，同温同压下产生的气体体积比是 A(1:2:3 B(6:3:2 C(3:1:1 D(1:1:1 3(N为阿伏加德罗常数，下列说法正确的是 AA(10g甲烷所含有的电子数目为10N AB(常温常压下，4g氦气所含有的中子数目为4N AC(标准状况下，22.
2、4L单质溴所含有的原子数目为2N AD(电解食盐水若产生2g 氢气，则转移的电子数目为2N An24(碘元素有多种价态，可以形成多种含氧阴离子IO。由2个IO正八面体共用一个面形成的xy6nIO的化学式为 xy4 6 8 10 A(IOB(IOC(IOD(IO 292102112125(下列反应过程中，同时有离子键、极性共价键和非极性共价键的断裂和形成的反应是 A(NHCl NH?+ HCl? 43B(NH + CO+ HO = NHHCO 32 243C(2NaOH + Cl = NaCl + NaClO + HO 22D(2NaO + 2CO= 2NaCO + O 222 2326(下列反
3、应离子方程式正确的是 3+ A(向氯化铝溶液中加入过量氢氧化钠溶液:Al + 4OH = AlO + 2HO 222 B(向苯酚钠溶液中通入二氧化碳:CO + HO + 2CHO ?2CHOH + CO 2265653+ C(向小苏打溶液中加入醋酸溶液:HCO + H = CO?+ HO 3222+3+ D(向溴化亚铁溶液中通入过量氯气:Fe + 2Br + 2Cl = Fe + Br + 4Cl 227(下图所示的直型石英玻璃封管中充有CO气体，左端放置不纯的镍(Ni)粉。在一定条件下， Ni可以与CO(g)发生如下反应: 但Ni粉中的杂质不与CO(g)发生反应。玻璃管内左右两端的温度分别稳
4、定在350K和470K， 经过足够长时间后，右端的主要物质是 A(纯Ni(s)和Ni(CO)(g) B(纯Ni(s)和CO(g) 4C(不纯Ni(s)和CO(g) D(不纯Ni(s)和Ni(CO)(g) 48(下列在一定条件下进行的反应属于水解反应的是 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for liftin
5、g 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of t
6、eam a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the uni
7、t will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the releva
8、nt Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (
9、3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leade
10、rship of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be ? CHO(麦芽糖) + HO?2CHO ? CH=CH + HO ?CHOH 1222112612622225+ ? CHCHCl + HO? CHCHOH + HCl ? NH?HO NH + OH 32232324? CHCHONa + HO? CHCHOH + NaOH ? CaC+
11、 2HO?Ca(OH) + CH? 322322 2222A(? B(? C(? D(? 9(下列实验操作与安全事故处理错误的是 A(使用水银温度计测量烧杯中水浴温度时，不慎打破水银球，用滴管将水银吸出放入水封的小瓶中，残破的温度计插入装有硫粉的广口瓶中 B(用试管夹从试管底由下往上夹住距离管口约1/3处，手持试管夹长柄末端，进行加热 C(制备乙酸乙酯时，将乙醇和乙酸依次加入到浓硫酸中 D(把玻管插入橡胶塞孔时，用厚布护手，紧握用水湿润的玻管插入端，缓慢旋进塞孔中 二(选择题(本题包括10小题，每小题4分，共40分，每小题有一个或两个选项符合题意) 10(短周期元素X、Y的原子序数相差2。下列
12、有关叙述正确的是 A(X与Y不可能位于同一主族 B(X与Y一定位于同一周期 C(X与Y可能形成共价化合物XY D(X与Y可能形成离子化合物XY 11(下列各组物质仅用蒸馏水不能鉴别出的是 (A(苯、酒精、硝基苯 B(食盐、烧碱、硝酸铵 (蔗糖、硫酸铜粉末、碳酸钙粉末 D(氧化铜、二氧化锰、活性炭 C12(化学工作者一直关注食品安全，发现有人将工业染料“苏丹红1号”非法用作食用色素。苏丹红是一系列人工合成染料，其中“苏丹红4号”的结构式如下: 下列关于“苏丹红4号”说法正确的是 A(不能发生加成反应 B(属于芳香烃衍生物 C(可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色 D(属于甲苯同系物 3+13(铊(Tl)是
13、某超导材料的组成元素之一，与铝同族，位于第6周期。Tl与Ag在酸性介质中3+发生反应:Tl+ 2Ag =Tl + 2Ag。下列推断正确的是 + 3+ 3+ A(Tl的最外层有1个电子 B(Tl的氧化性比Al弱 + C(Tl能形成+3价和+1的化合物 D(Tl的还原性比Ag强 14(在一定条件下，固定容积的密闭容器中反应: 2NO(g) 2NO(g) + O(g);?H,0，达到平衡。当改变 22其中一个条件X，Y随X的变化符合图中曲线的是 A(当X表示温度时，Y表示NO的物质的量 2B(当X表示压强时，Y表示NO的转化率 2C(当X表示反应时间时，Y表示混合气体的密度 D(当X表示NO的物质的
14、量时，Y表示O的物质的量 22ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-artment. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5nt Deping responsibility of l
15、eadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevanalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the correspondent pee job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 y
16、uan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accideen taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and thave bure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protectiv
17、e measures hacetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun expos for 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump instal
18、lation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptance specification for 1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be-s consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500ccident, reported without undue delay or
19、 false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in seriou100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the a-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury a
20、ccident occurs, the direct punishment 5002 15(一种新型燃料电池，一极通入空气，另一极通入丁烷气体;电解质是掺杂氧化钇(YO)的232氧化锆(ZrO)晶体，在熔融状态下能传导O。下列对该燃料电池说法正确的是 22 A(在熔融电解质中，O由负极移向正极 B(电池的总反应是:2CH + 13O? 8CO+ 10HO 41022 22 C(通入空气的一极是正极，电极反应为:O + 4e = 2O22 D(通入丁烷的一极是正极，电极反应为:CH + 26e + 13O= 4CO+ 5HO 4102 216(下列各组离子一定能大量共存的是 3+A(在含大量Fe
21、的溶液中:NH、Na、Cl、SCN 4+2B(在强碱溶液中:Na、K、AlO、CO 23+133+2C(在c(H) =10mol/L 的溶液中:NH、Al、SO、NO 443+2+D(在pH =1的溶液中:K、Fe、Cl、NO 317(对可逆反应4NH(g) + 5O(g) 4NO(g) + 6HO(g)，下列叙述正确的是 322A(达到化学平衡时，4v(O) = 5v(NO) 正逆2B(若单位时间内生成x mol NO的同时，消耗x mol NH，则反应达到平衡状态 3C(达到化学平衡时，若增加容器体积，则正反应速率减小，逆反应速率增大 D(化学反应速率关系是:2v(NH) = 3v(HO)
22、 正正3218(背景材料:? 2004年夏季，特氟隆不粘锅事件引起公众关注;? 2004年冬季，诺贝尔化学奖授予研究蛋白质的科学家;? 2005年初春，广东大部分进行了人工降雨;? 2005年春末，某高速公路发生液氯运输车翻倒泄漏事故。下列相应说法正确的是 A(特氟隆(聚四氟乙烯)的单体是氟利昂 B(蛋白质是由氨基酸形成的不可降解的高分子化合物，其水溶液有丁达尔现象 C(AgI和干冰都可用于人工降雨 D(附近人员应迅速远离液氯泄漏地点，并逆风往安全区域疏散 19(关于小苏打水溶液的表述正确的是 +2A( c(Na) = c(HCO)+ c(CO)+ c(HCO) 3323+2B(c(Na) +
23、 c(H)= c(HCO)+ c(CO)+ c(OH) 33C(HCO的电离程度大于HCO的水解程度 33+2D(存在的电离有:NaHCO = Na + HCO，HCO H + CO， 3333+HO H + OH 2第二部分 非选择题 共83分 三(本题包括2小题，共24分) 20(14分) 研究性学习小组进行SO的制备及性质探究实验。 2? 根据反应NaSO(固) + HSO(浓) = NaSO+ SO?+HO，制备SO气体。 232424 222? 用下列简图，在答题卡的方框中画出制备并收集SO的实验装置(含试剂)示意图。 2100 e-1000, who is directly res
24、ponsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-the direct punishment 500 dministrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs,ing a10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden
25、t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ions, ponsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administ
26、rative sanctit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct resthe unarge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, e opening and provisional protect
27、ive measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in chand thr fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height essure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, ill
28、egal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operato2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pr-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-ering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB502
29、75engine5) significant near miss should be1000 punishment. (-ive leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500conomic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrat3 ? 实
30、验过程中，使用分液漏斗滴加浓硫酸的操作是_。 ? 将SO气体分别通入下列溶液中: 2? 品红溶液，现象是_。 ? 溴水溶液，现象是_。 ? 硫化钠溶液，现象是_。 ? 有一小组在实验中发现，SO氧化产生缓慢，以致后续实验现象很不明显，但又不存在气2密性问题。请你推测可能的原因并说明相应的验证方法(可以不填满) ? 原因_，验证方法_。 ? 原因_，验证方法_。 ? 原因_，验证方法_。 21(10分) 某同学为了验证海带中含有碘，拟进行如下实验，请回答相关问题。 ? 第1步:灼烧。操作是将足量海带灼烧成灰烬，该过程中将使用到的硅酸盐质实验仪器有 (_(填代号，限填3项) A( 试管 B(瓷坩埚
31、 C(坩埚钳 D(铁三角架 E(泥三角 F(酒精灯 G(烧杯 H(量筒 ? 第2步:I溶液的获取。操作是_。 ? 第3步:氧化。 操作是依次加入合适的试剂，下列氧化剂最好选用_(填代号)， A(浓硫酸 B(新制氯水 C(KMnO溶液 D(HO 422理由是_。 ? 碘单质的检验。 操作是取少量第3步的溶液，滴加淀粉溶液，如果溶液显蓝色，则证明 海带中含碘。 四(本题包括2小题，共21分) 22(12分) 钛(Ti)被称为继铁、铝之后的第三金属，钛白(TiO)是目前最好的白色颜料。制备TiO22和Ti的原料是钛铁矿，我国的钛铁矿矿储量居世界首位。含有FeO的钛铁矿(主要成分为23FeTiO)制取
32、TiO的流程如下: 32ccident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in seriou100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the a-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-person
33、nel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-artment. (2) personal in
34、jury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5nt Deping responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevanalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corres
35、pondent pee job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accideen taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and thave bure measures, responsibilities of t
36、eam a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures hacetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun expos for 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressur
37、e gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptance specification for 1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be-s consequences, the
38、 pursuit of leadership, along with 5004 ? Ti的原子序数为22，Ti位于元素周期表中第_周期，第_族。 ? 步骤?加铁的目的是_; 步骤?冷却的目的是_。 ? 上述制备TiO的过程中，可以利用的副产物是_;考虑成本和废物综合利用因2素，废液中应加入_处理。 ? 由金红石(TiO)制取单质Ti，涉及到的步骤为: 2已知:? C(s) + O(g) = CO(g); ?H = ,393.5 KJ/mol 22? 2CO(g) + O(g) = 2CO(g); ?H = ,566 KJ/mol 22? TiO(s) + 2Cl(g) = TiCl(s) +
39、O(g); ?H = +141 KJ/mol 2242则TiO(s) + 2Cl(g) + 2C(s)= TiCl(s) + 2CO(g) 的?H = _。 224反应TiCl + 2Mg = 2MgCl + Ti 在Ar气氛中进行的理由是_。 4223(9分) 在密闭容器中，有一定起始浓度的氙(Xe)和F反应， 2可得到三种氟化物。各种生成物在平衡体系内的分压与 反应温度的关系如右图所示(已知气体的分压之比等于 物质的量之比)。 ? 420K时，发生反应的化学方程式为: _， 若反应中消耗1 mol Xe，则转移电子_mol。 ? 600800K时，会发生反应: XeF(g) XeF(g)
40、+ F(g) ， 其反应热 642?H_0(填“,”、“,”或“,”)，理由是 _。 ? 900K时，容器中存在的组分有_。 五(本题包括2小题，共18分) conomic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrat100 e-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticis
41、m and 50-the direct punishment 500 dministrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs,ing a10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-should be
42、 brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ions, ponsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident pen
43、alties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct resthe unarge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, e opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan
44、, construction person in chand thr fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height essure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operato2000 construction
45、 installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pr-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-ering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275engine5) significant near miss should be1000 punishment. (-ive
46、leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 5005 24(8分) 300多年前，著名化学家波义耳发现了铁盐与没食子酸的显色反应，并由此发明了蓝黑墨水。 没食子酸的结构式为: ? 用没食子酸制造墨水主要利用了_类化合物的性质(填代号)。 A(醇 B(酚 C(油脂 D(羧酸 ? 没食子酸丙酯具有抗氧化作用，是目前广泛应用的食品添加剂，其结构简式为_。 ? 尼泊金酯是对羟基苯甲酸与醇形成的酯类化合物，是国家允许使用的食品添加剂。尼泊金丁酯的分子式为_