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1、2010年高考新课标理综卷化学试题分析一、总体评价 试题内容符合2010年考试大纲和考试说明的要求，覆盖面较广，考查内容为学科的主干知识和核心内容。试题注重对基础知识和基本能力的考查，对考生运用所学知识分析、解决实际问题的能力和探究能力也进行了较好的考察。题目语言表述严谨、设问合理。试题和参考答案科学、规范，评分参考可操作性强，有利于控制评分误差。 二、试题特点 今年化学试题与前两年相比稳中有“变”，从整体上看，难度略有所下降，更加贴近课本、贴近学生。试题在考查基础知识和基本技能的同时，重视对能力的考查，具有创新精神，有利于高校选拔合格人才，有利于中学实施素质教育。其特点主要表现在以下几个方面
2、: 1、不偏不怪，熟“面孔”多，学生入题容易。这一点主要表现在?卷必考题上，如26题中铜与浓硫酸的反应，二氧化硫转化为三氧化硫的平衡问题;27题中二氧化硫的制备和性质检验;28题氢气的实验室制备中CuSO的作用原理等。 42、变换方式，考查常见重点、热点知识。如选择题8、9题有机物同分异构体和反应类型的考查;11将过去定性考查的弱电解质电离吸热问题与盖斯定律结合起来，进行定量考查;12题将原电池原理与微题粒氧化性比较结合进行考查;26题在物质推断题中加入电解法精炼铜、化学平衡的计算和移动。 3、突出新课程理念，对学生的能力进行多方位考查。如27、28题考查学生对实验现象的描述、解释，并进行实验
3、设计，同时考查学生探究实验的能力。 4、巧设陷阱，考查学生的审题能力。如10题中将溶液分为5等份，但只取两份进行实验，对学生的计算进行干扰;26题最后一问将化学平衡的定性判断和定量计算结合进行考查，学生往往只进行定性判断，导致结果出错;28题学生只有看清“获得相同体积的氢气”，再想到“硫酸浓度不变”才能对最后一步第一问作出正确解答。 三、逐题分析 (一)必考题 7(下列各项表达中正确的是( ) A(NaO的电子式为 22B(106g的乙醇和丙醇混合液完全燃烧生成的CO为112L(标准状况) 2C(在氮原子中，质子数为7而中子数不一定为7 -D(Cl的结构示意图为 答案C 解析本题综合性强,考点
4、属于化学基本概念.既考查了重要化学用语电子式、微粒结构示意图、原子组should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4
5、) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the a
6、ccident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds
7、 manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH
8、3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical e
9、quipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 成符号和同位素的概念，同时也考查了Vm
10、的概念、混合的法则和守恒思想。B选项干扰性较强，它成立的前提是乙醇和丙醇按1?1的物质的量比混合。 8(分子式为CHCl的同分异构体共有(不考虑立体异构)( ) 362A(3种 B(4种 C(5种 D(6种 答案B 解析考查同分异构体的书写。CHCHCH的氢原子环境有两种，由此可知二氯取代发生在同一碳原子上323和不同谈原子上的异构体各有2种，即2+2=4 9(下列各组中的反应，属于同一反应类型的是( ) A(由溴丙烷水解制丙醇;由丙烯与水反应制丙醇 B(由甲苯硝化制对硝基甲苯;由甲苯氧化制苯甲酸 C(由氯代环己烷消去制环己烯;由丙烯加溴制1,2二溴丙烷 D(由乙酸和乙醇制乙酸乙酯;由苯甲酸乙
11、酯水解制苯甲酸和乙醇 答案D 解析考查有机化学基本反应类型取代、加成、氧化、消去。A项前者为取代反应，后者为加成反应;B项前者为取代反应，后者为氧化反应;C项前者为消去反应，后者为加成反应;D项前者为酯化反应，后者为水解反应，均属于取代反应。 10(把500mL含有BaCl和KCl的混合溶液分成5等分，取一份加入含a mol硫酸钠的溶液，恰好使钡离2子完全沉淀;另取一份加入含b mol硝酸银的溶液，恰好使氯离子完全沉淀。则该混合溶液中钾离子浓度为( ) A( 0.1(b,2a)mol/ L B( 10(2a,b)mol/LC( 10(b,a)mol/ LD( 10(b,2a)mol/L答案D
12、解析本题属于无机综合计算，着重考查了守恒思想(电荷守恒)和物质的量浓度计算。一份溶液中 +-1n(K)=(b-2a)mol，故c(K)= n/V =(b-2a)/0.1 = 10(b-2a)mol?L。 11(已知:HCN(aq)与NaOH(aq)反应的H = -12.1kJ /mol;HCl(aq)与NaOH(aq)反应的H = -55.6kJ/ ,mol。则HCN在水溶液中电离的H等于( ) A(-67.7 kJ /mol B(-43.5kJ /molC(+43.5 kJ/ molD(+67.7 kJ/ mol答案C 解析考查了盖斯定律的应用和中和热的概念. 12(根据右图可判断下列离子方
13、程式中错误的是( ) 2+A(2Ag(s)+Cd(aq)=2Ag(aq)+Cd(s) should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against
14、 them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible
15、for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 st
16、eel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding proce
17、dure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mec
18、hanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 2+2+B(Co(a
19、q)+Cd(s)=Co(s)+Cd(aq) +2+C(2Ag(aq)+Cd(s)=2Ag(s)+Cd(aq) +2+D(2Ag(aq)+Co(s)=2Ag(s)+Co(aq) 答案A 解析考查了原电池的概念、化学反应强弱规律和离子方程式的书写，命题角度新。 13(下表中评价合理的是( ) 选项 化学反应及其离子方程式 评价 +3+A FeO与稀硝酸反应:2FeO+18H=6Fe+H?+8HO 正确 343422错误，碳酸镁不应写成离子+2-B 向碳酸镁中加入稀盐酸:CO+2H=?+HO 3CO22形式 2+2-C 向硫酸铵溶液中加入氢氧化钡溶液:Ba+SO=BaSO? 正确 442+FeBr溶
20、液与等物质的量的Cl反应: 与Br的化学计量错误，Fe22D 2+-3+-2Fe+2Br+2Cl=2Fe+4Cl+Br 数之比应为1:2 22答案B +-解析考查离子方程式正误判定，呈现方式新颖。A项违反化学事实，起氧化作用的是NO而不是H;B 3项正确;C项中复杂离子方程式只写了一半，错误;D项离子方程式正确，考虑到了反应强弱规律和电子转移守恒，评价错。 26(14分)物质A,G有下图所示转化关系(部分反应物、生成物没有列出)。其中A为某金属矿的主要成分，经过一系列反应可得到B和C。单质C可与E的浓溶液发生反应，G为砖红色沉淀。 请回答下列问题: (1)写出下列物质的化学式:B_、E_、G_
21、; (2)利用电解可提纯C物质，在该电解反应中阳极物质是_，阴极物质是_，电解质溶液是_; (3)反应?的化学方程式是_; (4)将0.23molB和0.11mol氧气放入容积为1L的密闭容器中，发生反应?，在一定温度下，反应达到平衡，得到0.12molD，则反应的平衡常数K=_。若温度不变，再加入0.50mol氧气后重新达到平衡，则B的平衡浓度_(填“增大”、“不变”或“减小”)，氧气的转化率_(填“升高”、“不变”或“降低”)，D的体积分数_(填“增大”、“不变”或“减小”). 答案(1)SO HSO CuO 2 24 2(2)粗铜 精铜 CuSO溶液 4should be dealt w
22、ith by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue d
23、elay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident pen
24、alty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testin
25、g results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding p
26、rocedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50
27、128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation ,(3) Cu+2HSO(浓)CuSO+SO?+2HO 24422-1(4)23.8 mol?L 减小 降低 减小 解析以无机框图推断为载体
28、，综合考查浓硫酸的强氧化性、铜的电解精炼和化学平衡相关知识，难度适中。 (1)根据已知条件走通转化关系图: A B C D E F G (CuS) SO Cu SO HSO CuSO CuO 223244 2按题目要求在指定位置写出B、E、G的化学式。 (2)电解法精炼铜时，粗铜作阳极，精铜作阴极，电解质溶液为CuSO(aq)。 4(3)该反应中浓硫酸表现了酸性和强氧化性。 (4) mol/L SO(g) + O(g) SO(g) 223起 0.23 0.11 0 变 0.12 0.06 0.12 平 0.11 0.05 0.12 22SO0.12,13 ? K,23.80mol,L22SO,
29、O0.11，0.0522温度不变，再加入0.50mol O，平衡右移，重新达到平衡后，SO减小，(SO)升高，22平2但(O)反而降低，由于机械作用强于平衡移动，故SO体积分数减小。 22(15分)某化学兴趣小组为探究SO27的性质，按下图所示装置进行实验。 2请回答下列问题: (1)装置A中盛放亚硫酸钠的仪器名称是_ ，其中发生反应的化学方程式为_; (2)实验过程中，装置B、C中发生的现象分别是_、_，这些现象分别说明SO具有的2性质是_和_;装置B中发生反应的离子方程式为_ ; (3)装置D的目的是探究SO与品红作用的可逆性，请写出实验操作及现象_; 2(4)尾气可采用_溶液吸收。 答案
30、(1)蒸馏烧瓶 NaSO+HSO(浓)=NaSO+SO?+HO 23242422should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against th
31、em. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for
32、 the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel
33、 welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedur
34、e 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechan
35、ical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation (2)溶液由紫红色变为无色
36、 无色溶液中出现黄色浑浊 还原性 氧化性 2+-2-5SO+2MnO+2HO=2Mn+5SO+4H 2424(3)品红溶液褪色后，关闭分液漏斗的旋塞，点燃酒精灯加热，溶液恢复为红色 (4)NaOH(其他合理答案也给分) 解析这是一道实验探究题,主要考查了SO的制备、性质、检验和尾气处理。很常规，学生答起来非常2顺手。 28(14分)某同学在用稀硫酸与锌制取氢气的实验中，发现加入少量硫酸铜溶液可加快氢气的生成速率。请回答下列问题: (1)上述实验中发生反应的化学方程式有_; (2)硫酸铜溶液可以加快氢气生成速率的原因是_; (3)实验室中现有NaSO、MgSO、AgSO、KSO等4种溶液，可与上
37、述实验中CuSO溶液起相似作用的是24424244_; (4)要加快上述实验中气体产生的速率，还可采取的措施有_(答两种); (5)为了进一步研究硫酸铜的量对氢气生成速率的影响，该同学设计了如下一系列实验。将表中所给的混合溶液分别加入到6个盛有过量Zn粒的反应瓶中，收集产生的气体，记录获得相同体积的气体所需时间。 实验 A B C D E F 混合溶液 4mol/L HSO/mL 30 VVVVV241 2 3 4 5 饱和CuSO溶液/mL 0 0.5 2.5 5 V 20 46HO/mL VVVV10 0 27 8 9 10 ?请完成此实验设计，其中:V=_，V=_，V=_; 169?反应
38、一段时间后，实验A中的金属呈_色，实验E中的金属呈_色; ?该同学最后得出的结论为:当加入少量CuSO溶液时，生成氢气的速率会大大提高。但当加入的CuSO44溶液超过一定量时，生成氢气的速率反而会下降。请分析氢气生成速率下降的主要原因_。 答案(1)Zn+CuSO=ZnSO+Cu Zn+HSO=ZnSO+H 442442(2)CuSO与Zn反应产生的Cu与Zn形成Cu/Zn微电池，加快了氢气产生的速率 4(3)AgSO 24(4)升高反应温度、适当增加硫酸的浓度、增加锌粒的比表面积等 (5)?30 10 17.5 ?灰黑 暗红 ?当加入一定量的CuSO后,生成的单质Cu会沉积在Zn的表面,降低
39、了Zn与溶液的接触面积 4解析这是一道无机综合题，考查原电池反应原理，影响化学反应速率的因素，定量实验方法和分析解决实际问题的能力。体现了新课标高考重视对“过程与方法”的考查。 should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of c
40、riticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss s
41、hould be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray
42、lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and it
43、s alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mech
44、anical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-200
45、9 mechanical equipment installation (1)考生容易漏写“ Zn + CuSO = ZnSO + Cu ”。 44(2)置换出的少量Cu与Zn和稀硫酸构成原电池。 (3)是(2)的延伸Ag、Zn、稀硫酸也能构成原电池。 (4)答案有多种，只要合理均可。 (5)?着重考查学生对定量实验方法原理的理解和阅读图表获取信息的能力。该实验目的是“进一步研究硫酸铜的量对氢气生成速率的影响”，所以，应控制稀硫酸的量不变，故V=V=V=V=V=30，V=10，V=20，V=17.5，V=10。 1234567910?考查单质Zn和Cu的颜色。 ?考查学生分析解决实际问题的能力
46、。 36(化学选修化学与技术(15分) 水是一种重要的自然资源，是人类赖以生存不可缺少的物质。水质优劣直接影响人体健康。请回答下列问题: (1)天然水中溶解的气体主要有_、_; (2)天然水在净化处理过程中加入的混凝剂可以是_(填两种物质名称)，其净水作用的原理是_ ; (3)水的净化与软化的区别_; 2+(4)硬度为1?的水是指每升水含10mgCaO或与之相当的物质(如7.1mgMgO)。若某天然水中c(Ca)=1.232+-410mol/L, c(Mg)=610mol/L,则此水的硬度为_。 -43(5)若(4)中的天然水中还含有c(HCO)=810mol/L，现要软化10m这种天然水，则
47、需先加入Ca(OH) 32_g，后加入NaCO _g。 23答案(1)氧气(O) 二氧化碳(CO)(或氮气) 22(2)明矾、硫酸铝、硫酸铁、硫酸亚铁(填其中任何两种) 铝盐或铁盐在水中发生水解生成相应氢氧化物胶体，它可吸附天然水中悬浮物并破坏天然水中的其他带异电的胶体，使其聚沉，达到净化目的 (3)水的净化是用混凝剂(如明矾等)将水中胶体及悬浮物沉淀下来，而水的软化是除去水中的钙离子和镁离子 (4)10? (5)740 1484 解析题干精练，设问明确。 (2)中学生对混凝剂的提法也许不熟悉，但只要理解净水原理这个问题便可迎刃而解。 (4)以新情境给出水的硬度的概念，理解了这个概念，计算就很轻松。此水的硬度为: