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1、2009年高考试题解析版理综化学部分(四川卷)2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(四川卷) 理科综合测试试题(化学部分) 6.开发新材料是现代科技发展的方向之一。下列有关材料的说法正确的是 A. 氮化硅陶瓷是新型无机非金属材料 B. C属于原子晶体,用于制造纳米材料 60C. 纤维素乙酸酯属于天然高分子材料 D. 单晶硅常用于制造光导纤维 答案A【解析】B、C为分子晶体;B、纤维素为天然高分子化合物,而纤维素硝酸酯是人工合成的、60D、二氧化硅是制造光导纤维的主要材料。 【考点分析】本题主要考查化学与生活、化学基本概念. 7.下列有关物质检验的实验结论正确的是 选项 实 验 操 作 及 现
2、 象 实 验 结 论 A 向某溶液中加入盐酸酸化的氯化钡溶液,有白色沉淀生成 该溶液中一定含2,有SO 4B 向某溶液中加入2滴KSCN溶液,溶液不显红色。再向溶液中该溶液中一定含2,加入几滴新制的氯水,溶液变为红色 Fe有 C 将某气体通入品红溶液中,品红溶液褪色 该气体一定是SO 2D 将少量某物质的溶液滴加到新制的银氨溶液中,水浴加热后有该物质一定属于银镜生成 醛类 答案B ,【解析】A项可能受到Ag影响生成AgCl沉淀;C能够使品红溶液褪色的气体不一定就是SO2还可能是其他气体比如氯气;D、能发生银镜反应的官能团为醛基,而醛基还可能存在与甲酸或甲酸某酯、甲酸盐中。 【考点分析】常见离子
3、检验、物质鉴别综合运用 8.在下列给定条件的溶液中,一定能大量共存的离子组是 2,,+,CaClA.无色溶液:、H、 HSO3,+,IB.能使pH试纸呈红色的溶液:Na、NH、4NO 32,+C.FeCl溶液:K、Na、AlOSO、2 24Kw,+2,NOD.=0.1 mol/L的溶液:Na、K、 SiO3,3cH()- 1 - 答案D +【解析】A项中H与HSO不能大量共存;B项隐含条件是酸性溶液NO在酸性条件下具有332+强氧化性,可氧化I,C项中Fe和AlO可发生双水解而不能大量共存。 D项为碱性条件,2可大量存在。 【考点分析】离子共存 9.25 ?,101 k Pa时,强酸与强碱的稀
4、溶液发生中和反应的中和热为57.3 kJ/mol,辛烷的燃烧热为5518 kJ/mol。下列热化学方程式书写正确的是 +2,,2,A.2H(aq) +(aq)+(aq)+2OH(aq)=BaSO(s)+2HO(1)H=57.3 kJ/molBa,SO4; ,4211B.KOH(aq)+HSO(aq)= KSO(aq)+HO(I);H=57.3kJ/mol , 44 ,2222225C.CH(I)+ O (g)=8CO (g)+ 9HO;H=5518 kJ/mol ,818 ,2222D.2CH(g)+25O (g)=16CO (g)+18HO(1);H=5518 kJ/mol ,818 ,22
5、2答案B 【解析】A项不符合中和热的定义;C项中生成物水为气态,D项中辛烷的物质的量不是1mol,所以ACD错误。 【考点分析】燃烧热、中和热概念的理解及热化学方程式书写正误判断 10.X、Y、Z、M是元素周期表中前20号元素,其原子序数依次增大,且X、Y、Z相邻。X的。下列说法正确的是 核电荷数是Y是核外电子数的一半,Y与M可形成化合物MY2A. 还原性:X的氧化物Y的氧化物Z的氢化物 B. 简单离子的半径:M的离子Z的离子Y的离子X的离子 C. YXMY都是含有极性键的极性分子 、22D. Z元素的最高价氧化物的水化物的化学式为HZO 4答案D 【解析】X、Y、Z相邻且X的原子序数为Y的一
6、半,推测X为氧元素,则Y为硫元素,Z为氯元素。其最高价氧化物的水化物为HClO。三种元素中S元素的非金属性最弱,因此其4氢化物的还原性最强。根据MY又因为X、Y、Z、M是元素周期表中前20号元素,其原子序2数依次增大判断M为钾元素,SO为极性分子,而KS属于离子化合物。 22【考点分析】元素周期律和元素周期表的综合应用 11.向m g镁和铝的混合物中加入适量的稀硫酸,恰好完全反应生成标准状况下的气体b L。 向反应后的溶液中加入c mol/L氢氧化钾溶液V mL,使金属离子刚好沉淀完全,得到的 沉淀质量为n g。再将得到的沉淀灼烧至质量不再改变为止,得到固体p g。则下列关系不正确的是 100
7、0bVc517mc,pm,,pA. B. C.n=m+17Vc D. , , 1253911.2V答案C 【解析】根据化学方程式可得,生成的氢气的物质的量等于参加反应的碱的物质的量的一半,所以A项正确;B项中p为生成的氧化物的质量,1molMg可结合1molO,2molAl结合3molO,因此生成沉淀的物质的质量等于镁和铝的质量之和加氧元素的质量,而结合氧元素的物质的量等于生成氢气的物质的量,也等于消耗氢氧根离子的物质的量的一半,所以B项正确,而- 2 - 得到的氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝的质量等于镁铝的质量和与氢氧根离子的质量之和,C项中忽略了体积的单位。 【考点分析】化学计算 12.关于浓度均为0
8、.1 mol/L的三种溶液:?氨水、?盐酸、?氯化铵溶液,下列说法不正确的是+A.c(NH):?,? 4+B.水电离出的c(H):?,? +,C.?和?等体积混合后的溶液:c(H),c(OH)+c(NH?HO) 32+,D.?和?等体积混合后的溶液:c(NH),c(Cl),c(OH),c(H) 4答案B +【解析】A项氯化铵为强电解质完全电离后产生大量的NH;氨水为弱电解质只有少量的NH44产生。B项在水中加入酸和碱都抑制水的电离,但是盐类水解促进水的电离,B项不正确。盐+酸和氨水混合后恰好完全反应,但因生成的盐为强酸弱碱盐,溶液显酸性,而多余的H为水解产生,C项正确。D项比较简单。 【考点分
9、析】弱电解质的电离、盐类的水解、离子浓度大小比较 13.在一体积可变的密闭容器中,加入一定量的X、Y,发生反应 kJ/mol。反应达到平衡时,Y的物质的量浓度与温度、气 mXgnYgHQ()(); , 体体积的关系如下表所示: 气体体积 1 2 3 -1C(Y)/mol?L 温度? 100 1.00 0.75 0.53 200 1.20 0.09 0.63 300 1.30 1.00 0.70 下列说法正确的是 A.m,n B.Q,0 C.温度不变,压强增大,Y的质量分数减少 D.体积不变,温度升高,平衡向逆反应方向移动 答案C 【解析】 根据题目信息可得,在温度相同的条件下,当体积扩大到原来
10、的两倍时,Y的浓度降低的倍数小于2,所以可确定增大体积,平衡正向移动,根据平衡移动原理,增大体积,平衡向体积增大的方向移动,因此A错误,C项正确。当体积相同时,温度升高,Y的浓度增大,即平衡正向移动,所以此反应的正向为放热反应,B、D错误。 【考点分析】化学平衡移动原理 26.(16分) 过氧化氢是重要的氧化剂、还原剂,它的水溶液又称为双氧水,常用作消毒、杀菌、漂白等。某化学兴趣小组取一定量的过氧化氢溶液,准确测定了过氧化氢的含量,并探究了过氧- 3 - 化氢的性质。 ?.测定过氧化的含量 请填写下列空白: (1) 移取10.00 mL密度为 g/mL的过氧化氢溶液至250mL _(填仪器名称
11、)中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀。移取稀释后的过氧化氢溶液25.00mL至锥形瓶中,加入稀硫酸酸化,用蒸馏水稀释,作被测试样。 (2) 用高锰酸钾标准溶液滴定被测试样,其反应的离子方程式如下,请将相关物质的化学计量数及化学式填写在方框里。 (3) 滴定时,将高锰酸钾标准溶液注入_(填“酸式”或“碱式”)滴定管中。滴定到达终点的现象是_ _。 (4) 重复滴定三次,平均耗用c mol/L KMnO标准溶液V mL,则原过氧化氢溶液中过氧化4氢的质量分数为_。 (5) 若滴定前滴定管尖嘴中有气泡,滴定后气泡消失,则测定结果_(填“偏高”或“偏低”或“不变”)。 答案?(1)容量瓶 (2)2 5 6 2
12、8 50 2(3)酸式 滴入一滴高锰酸钾溶液,溶液呈浅红色,且30秒内不褪色 17cV (4) ,200(5)偏高 【解析】(1)仪器的选用根据题意应该选用容量瓶。(2)残缺方程式配平首先确定缺什么,分析可知缺的是0,根据电子转移守恒,配平化学方程式。 2(3)由于高锰酸钾标准溶液具有强氧化性,所以只能使用酸式滴定管。滴定到达终点的现象是:滴入一滴高锰酸钾溶液,溶液呈浅红色,且30秒内不褪色。(4)根据配平的化学方程式计算17cV出过氧化氢的量,最后计算出原过氧化氢溶液中过氧化氢的质量分数为。(5)若滴定,200前滴定管尖嘴中有气泡,滴定后气泡消失,有一部分溶液占据了气泡的体积,并没有滴入锥形
13、瓶,则测定结果偏高。 【考点分析】化学实验、误差分析。 ?.探究过氧化氢的性质 该化学小组根据所提供的实验条件设计了两个实验,分别证明了过氧化氢的氧化性和不稳定性。(实验条件:试剂只有过氧化氢溶液、氯水、碘化钾淀粉溶液、饱和硫化氢溶液,实验仪器及用品可自选。) 请将他们的实验方法和实验现象填入下表: 实 验 内 容 实 验 方 法 实 验 现 象 - 4 - 验证氧化性 验证不稳定性 答案?(各1分,共4分) 实验内容 实验方法 实验现象 验证氧化性 取适量饱和硫化氢溶液于试管中,滴入 产生淡黄色沉淀或溶液变浑过氧化氢溶液。 浊。 (取适量碘化钾淀粉溶液于试管中,加(溶液变蓝色。) 入过氧化氢
14、溶液。) 验证不稳定性 取适量过氧化氢溶液于试管中,加热, 产生气泡,木条复燃。 用带火星的木条检验。 (溶液变浑浊或有浅黄色沉(取适量过氧化氢溶液于试管中,加淀产生) 热,用导气管将得到的气体通入到装有饱和硫化氢溶液的试管中。) 【解析】(1)验证氧化性,选用具有还原性的饱和硫化氢溶液,产生淡黄色沉淀硫或溶液变浑浊;或者选用有还原性的碘化钾淀粉溶液,有碘单质生成,溶液变蓝色。(2)验证不稳定性,取适量过氧化氢溶液于试管中,加热,用带火星的木条检验有氧气生成;或者取适量过氧化氢溶液于试管中,加热,用导气管将得到的气体通入到装有饱和硫化氢溶液的试管中,溶液变浑浊或有浅黄色沉淀产生。 【考点分析】
15、氧化还原反应、化学实验综合运用 27.(15分) 已知A-O分别代表一种物质,它们之间的转化关系如下图所示(反应条件略去)。A、B、H分别是由短周期元素组成的单质。B与冷水缓慢反应,与沸水迅速反应,放出氢气。D是一种离子化合物,其阴阳离子的个数比为2:3,且能与水反就应得到两种碱。C为淡黄色固体化合物,O能与G的水溶液反应生成蓝色沉淀。 请回答下列问题: (1) 组成B单质的元素位于周期表第_周期,第_族。化合物- 5 - C的电子式为_。 (2) J的沸点比硒化氢(HSe)的沸点高,其原因是_。 2(3) 写出I与H在点燃条件下反应生成A和J的化学方程式:_。 (4) 写出D与足量的N反应生
16、成E和F的化学方程式:_。 (5) 上图中,在同一反应里一种物质作氧化剂,又作还原剂,这样的反应共有_个。 答案(1)三(1分)II A (1分)(2分) (2)水分子之间存在氢键且比硒化氢的分子间作用力强 (2分) (3) (3分) (4) (3分) (5)2 (3分) 【解析】框图推断题抓住题眼如根据B是由短周期元素组成的单质,B与冷水缓慢反应,与沸水迅速反应,放出氢气,可判断B为金属镁。D是一种离子化合物,其阴阳离子的个数比为2:3,就可以判断D为氮化镁,所以A为氮气。 C为淡黄色固体化合物, 判断为过氧化钠。O能与G的水溶液反应生成蓝色沉淀,说明有氢氧化铜生成。通过分析可得:A:氮气B
17、:镁C:过氧化钠D:二氮化三镁E:硝酸镁F:硝酸铵G:氢氧化钠H:氧气I:氨气J:水K:硝酸钠L:一氧化氮M:二氧化氮N:硝酸O:硝酸铜 【考点分析】元素及其化合物的性质、化学方程式书写、氧化还原反应。 28.(14分) 四川汶川盛产品质优良的甜樱桃。甜樱桃中含有一种羟基酸(用A表示),A的碳链结构无支链,化学式为;1.34 g A与足量的碳酸氢钠溶液反应,生成标准状况下的气体CHO4650.448 L。A在一定条件下可发生如下转化: 其中,B、C、D、E分别代表一种直链有机物,它们的碳原子数相等。E的化学式为(转CHO466化过程中生成的其它产物略去)。 已知: - 6 - A的合成方法如下
18、: 、G、M分别代表一种有机物。 其中,F请回答下列问题: (1)A的结构简式是_。 (2)C生成D的化学方程式是 。 (3)A与乙醇之间发生分子间脱水,可能生成的有机物共有 种。 (4)F的结构简式是 。 (5)写出G与水反应生成A和M的化学方程式: 。 答案.(14分)(3分) (3分) (3)7 (3分) (2分) (3分) 【解析】(1)根据题目的信息推测A的结构简式为:。 - 7 - (2)根据转化关系,B、C、D、E分别代表一种直链有机物,它们的碳原子数相等。E的化学式为(转化过程中生成的其它产物略去),确定A到B发生消去反应,B到C发生CHO466加成反应,C生成D的化学方程式是
19、 (3)与CHCHOH 分子间脱水有7种情况 32(4)根据A的合成方法可得:,F具有CHO,根据转化关系,确定F为 根据题目信息,可得 【考点分析】有机化学合成与推断、有机方程式、结构简式综合运用 29.(15分)新型锂离子电池在新能源的开发中占有重要地位。可用作节能环保电动汽车的动力电池。磷酸亚铁锂(LiFePO)是新型锂离子电池的首选电极材料,它的制备方法如下: 4方法一:将碳酸锂、乙酸亚铁,(CHCOO)Fe,、磷酸二氢铵按一定比例混合、充分研磨后,3 2在800?左右、惰性气体氛围中煅烧制得晶态磷酸亚铁锂,同时生成的乙酸及其它产物均以气体逸出。 方法二:将一定浓度的磷酸二氢铵、氯化锂
20、混合溶液作为电解液,以铁棒为阳极,石墨为阴极,电解析出磷酸亚铁锂沉淀。沉淀经过滤、洗涤、干燥,在800?左右、惰性气体氛围中煅烧制得晶态磷酸亚铁锂。 在锂离子电池中,需要一种有机聚合物作为正负极之间锂离子选移的介质,该有机聚合物的单体之一(用M表示)的结构简式如下: - 8 - 请回答下列问题: (1)上述两种方法制备磷酸亚铁锂的过程都必须在惰性气体氛围中进行。其原因是 。 (2)在方法一所发生的反应中,除生成磷酸亚铁锂、乙酸外,还有 、 、 (填化学式)生成。 (3)在方法二中,阳极生成磷酸亚铁锂的电极反应式为 。 (4)写出M与足量氧化钠溶液反应的化学方程式: 。 (5)已知该锂离子电池在
21、充电过程中,阳极的磷酸亚铁锂生成磷酸铁,则该电池放电时正极的电极反应式为 。 答案.(15分) (1)为了防止亚铁化合物被氧化 (2)CO HO NH (每空1分,共3分) 322+,(3)Fe+HP+Li2e,LiFePO+2H (3分) ,O442(4) (3分) ,+(5)FePO+Li+e=LiFePO (3分) 44【解析】(1)亚铁离子具有强还原性,制备磷酸亚铁锂的过程都必须在惰性气体氛围中进行。其原因是为了防止亚铁化合物被氧化(2)将碳酸锂、乙酸亚铁、磷酸二氢铵在800?左右、惰性气体氛围中煅烧制得晶态磷酸亚铁锂、乙酸及其它产物均以气体逸出。根据题意和元素守恒,可得其他产物为:C
22、O 、HO 和NH 。(3)将一定浓度的磷酸二氢铵、氯化锂混322合溶液作为电解液,以铁棒为阳极,石墨为阴极,电解析出磷酸亚铁锂沉淀。阳极生成磷酸,+,亚铁锂的电极反应式为Fe+HP+Li2e,LiFePO+2H (4) M具有酯基,在碱性条件O442下可发生水解,M与足量氧化钠溶液反应的化学方程式:- 9 - 【考点分析】氧化还原、电极方程式、有机化学方程式综合运用 (英文版 ) easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role,
23、take the lead in the strict implementation of the and , lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management , strengthen sup
24、ervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection an
25、d supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the and is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and
26、 supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmn
27、ess and consciousness, do comply with and . - 10 - To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing three strict real strict, so loyal
28、, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement , do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw
29、 the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless t
30、o stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have eno
31、ugh time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusione
32、d after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained 11 self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm
33、, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up
34、 should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, comp
35、letely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Dont always take everything back to things, and dont get into a blind alley, dont want to face, dont be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and
36、 see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, Im afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell dont 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed
37、things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart
38、tired, 12 calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth, Each youth are a s
39、tory, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to
40、 open ones mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also dont envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain
41、, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, bu
42、t never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, maam, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, dont envy him A sum of, dont lose your l
43、ife and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter 13 is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people a
44、nd you are, you cannot change also cant let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the
45、most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, som
46、etimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you
47、will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through th