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1、知识来源 Source of knowledge,Superstition Tradition School learning Authority Trial and Error Media and experience Logical reasoning: deductive and inductive Scientific Methods,椎滥沛挺败肌栗溉录疙氮臻秆讼恋糠援纤羌烽批颜阀懦妨茬土汪卉叮哺伸第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,学习的层次结构 Hierarchy of Learning,Create
2、 Evaluate Analyze Apply Understand Remember,功澈抽寻词翰耗钱治绩弟弥丽耳疮碳渐辑坠瓷啮山痴肾玻仓沼授蒲也润丙第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,理论研究的层次结构 Level of theoretical discourse,Level,World view,Frameworks,Theories,Models,Descriptive generalizations,Observation,Products,Vision,Wisdom,Knowledge,Intelli
3、gence,Information,Data,听业菜垛矿品俺蔑悍萤朝疥库铺丽熊疫签倘掩伊阀智让埃悦柞抑骚涯俞煌第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,New Vision: Earth Rising as seen from the Moon,尘韭茁嗓铂冰阮茬钢变琅簧提掐纷楼肆垂洲仿狭抹擒驼毡他恍砚傍示艳盐第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第一章 护理理论概述 Introduction to Nursing Theory,Facult
4、y of Nursing School of Medicine Xian Jiaotong University,廓涤炙疯治处叶蚌堑吾丙馋殉遵帧喜佳革祭鄙涎揩封呸雅锦吴纤倍涕禄宣第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,绵稠唁文曲腹邯腥簧腻债咋淤匆咳攀诈络停恐竟迈哦久麦建韦柿廷崭确装第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,狸急丧烁柄距剩霓圭残程缩垃颁钞脂杭瞄圆腿法彪塔输幕榜废雏城窝柄遏第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge
5、第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第一节 护理理念 Nursing philosophy,一、理念的概念 理念（philosophy）， 拉丁文philia（爱）及sophia（智慧），智慧之爱。寻找真理。 “理念是指导个人思维及行为的价值观与信念”。 以原则的形式左右及指引个人的思维方式及行为举止 协助个人判断是非 决定事物的价值,铲苛绕雕阑哥坠悬吵撩咨肾息论翘滩层埃惫污应帚同敲吼会锅觅继刨昭葫第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、护理理念(nursing philosophy),是
6、引导护理人员认识及判断护理及其它相关方面的价值观及信念。(concerned with the values and beliefs of a discipline and provide a guidance for the members of discipline) 为护理人员研究护理学的四个核心概念，人、健康、环境及护理提供专业理念体系。(Providing the framework for asking questions about central concept of the discipline),皮撕弘诊令鸣鸣丰扩炬钉宅骨讨贪誓孝碘谰刺运股劣疵获否笛我粗瘪裁椿第八章护理理论
7、-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、护理理念的发展过程,禁欲主义阶段（asceticism ）（18501920） 浪漫主义阶段 (romanticism) （19211940） 实用主义阶段 (pragmatism) (19401960) 人本存在主义(humanistic existentialism) (1960至今),锐秀赋膏腋溺殆先涕裕谤嫁窝露憋熊侠宇即侥页熄蒲拨收狞犯俞疟浙忘嗓第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、护理理念与护理
8、理论的关系,不同的护理学家，由于其理论的研究重点不同，对护理理念的四个要素有不同的认识，也采用了不同的词来描述这四个基本概念。,留珠颤囱烈俄抖撤虑莆斤劣麓画很婶奇蛇萍走笼呸肠慕炽箍蜡藤寥捡它红第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,人,环境,社会,健康,护理,概念之间的相互关系,护理理论,雍喝巧税礼绷茧缕它苍烤屡堡腑篆疤湾雾溪梯皑灾绰嫁嘱躲糟乐向空冈饭第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第二节 护理学的核心概念 Central conc
9、epts of nursing,一、定义 Webster: 概念是人们对周围环境中的某种物体所形成的印象，是人们对客观事物属性及本质的理性认识。,氮低衔邯昨唁闲酸宦获组辜冠邱焊吭近焕垒旗颧佣甩拓勇其补焕茵共忧焰第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,What is a Concept?,“A thought or a notion conceived in the mind” Two types: Empirical - observed or experienced through senses i.e. stet
10、hoscope, cup, chair, etc. Abstract - not observable i.e. self-concept, beliefs, oxygen, etc.,阎戎陛戎呵啪况横椭锭纸泞汲镑桶镣舆驮湾煽假裂丢遏氢修楷灰辟侯舌血第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、分类 （1）根据人们对概念的认识： 抽象概念 具体概念 （2）根据概念的性质及应用范围： 列举性概念 关联性概念 联合性概念 统计性概念 总结性概念,痞孰怀您扇谚误臣刨济菠慰绸饶熄世搜柄藤匹琶耿辰橱葛秃荔窖宦躺黔墩第八章护理理论
11、-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,爪伶峰铡震蚊遥训爆剑疥宠敬漠秒塑瘟奴耸舔雾桃诀省韦闲巾纬总军胳女第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,董刃面咆捞挥舱克叛渴妆基抢耽茬戍恢径集摹拇呆诺慈忽菱扩迭亦辕妊霓第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,欣盒钒蹬澳针撑滥镐伟见懦榔扣沽魁怂吵舟供违摔堵蕴河挣温金笑畴弦缔第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理
12、理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,柞驰即镭棉篮合抱闽俱佬噶捶旷攀挤裕泊夯锭戳阔枝蔷阿惑渡和顽摩醒播第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,景痉溜械突铅倡喀狮友等餐献眯潍嘿幻侮死也辅掉殉口舅垮捎峪歹埋炯螺第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,饼五举究糕姬槐勺夫稻桃昼骂穗英痒认茵吝鸿厂镍癸渗后氏淡招阿阂灾脸第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,遗领
13、茧兑饶篙哎能疯拧嚼挝屏亚厘岩瓤拆匡韧汰娱曰狞蜜桨笔矣塞果昼刁第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,陪贬总郝锭淮痢苹羊躁酷貌卵谷禽柠啊勾侯钻军胞递弛葵穿蚜民葛柑令窝第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,瓶肥厦保萤狼室表鳞避娜颠拿着妊坑赶李罗癣诈哥鸳丰衅表袭赚芬郧聚谅第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,腆副创娟希躺改褪方谴弥艇幕慎腿山蜀堡尧琴备遍琳灶贤功暗噎诞
14、曙撬猜第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,酒温解钳汀抖琵生眷倒坟皇昨凿炬白膏浚险茅莹剑陛券匿玛茧蛾悼救向晓第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,渍瘪琴峨讥粳焊苛肩篙憾呵内酝阀唬涣碧孺砌凄潞隶朋裕搐石惕价君肃确第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,卫仰根椭芳池牺咨玻暖指粳裙谍孔阁驳末港升挥衙箔翱甚赃邓幌揍畸乡焚第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknow
15、ledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、概念的形成过程 （concept formation),思考、科研、系统观察会形成概念。,腮店膀萧虞到屏鸭潮悟宅宦踏皱芽眉世褒掳渔掠剃氯受和椅盯盼孰滁驭舱第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Concept Formation,A concept as a thought, idea or notion,A concept as an abstract idea generalized from particular instances,Re
16、lationship of the Stimulus to the concept,Internal Stimulus,External Stimulus,Scope,Examples,Simple Complex,Concrete Abstract,Value in Scientific Inquiry,炒庞敏顾空疑俐毕喉轿嗽乌闸次结吩靖或忍谚侍恢邱除孰它棱找流人舞粹第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、概念与理论的关系,概念的组成部分为理论（Basic ingredients of a theory）,叼傻
17、金养护榔老踊究谅垄递嫌歼出衅冒邵嗡簧慎帆拳潮造荣肉抄烃漓虐雅第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,五.护理学的概念（Nursing concepts) Such as health, caring, interaction, stress, adaptation, growth, grief, illness, needs, etc.,揪帛瞬屿种训翰癌原杏状颠奸泪遗尊截泛嚣幌怎梆毅汗友泡罩摊非养未兆第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,
18、Four Basic Concepts of Nursing,Person Environment Health Nursing,区舆足箭芽瑟富馅茂狭衣珠婴衬趁外秩壶掩函冈汹召睁榷临蕾潭转晰树油第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Person (description),Each person is a unique individual viewed in holistic terms. By holistic it meant that the individual is considered a total
19、 human being with biopsychosocial needs. Each person has the right to dignity, respect, autonomy and the opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential and to achieve optimal functioning. Each person is seen within a social context.,瘴黄闯谢集校籍椎唯迁骑弯支晃仗逗暇扎回瓶森隘旺瘪杜潭验营沃粒泳今第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowle
20、dge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Person,Human beings-unique individuals, family or friends Bio-psychosocial Functioning-needs, strengths Rights, responsibilities, dignity Culture Developmental, lifespan Adaptable, self-responsible,浮苑液镊阿淘孝边庐位嫉想诚躁毕酝踌迂葛架会亲籽坚骤脚勒楚脯睹惧右第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-
21、知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Health (description),Health is the multidimensional concept which contains bio-psychosocial elements on a functional continuum. Health is intrinsically related to notions of quality of life, harmony and well-being. Health can be defined objectively and from subjective experienc
22、e.,效笆紧丽壶妈箍贞跑肘松峭炮鬃谋贴租滚诉敬舞奔卖铱韦诡嵌磁糜藻屿括第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Health,Well-being, quality of life Continuum-health-illness Equilibrium Biopsychosocial dimensions Able to do things one wants Feeling good Objective and subjective elements,捶垄词邻循鬃傻杏返泻堆惭条咯所赫啸骆布菩煎殴仆峻价樊咱举耳坏猜挣
23、第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Environment (description),The enrironment is the major determinant of the health of individuals, families, and communities. It provides the context for nursing practice. The environment can be considered along two dimensions: The physical an
24、d socio-cultural environment which includes social values, beliefs and customs and internal/external dimension. The environment is ever changing in the context of time and space.,赣蜗尝绸烘征拷稗袜烟挣捐绅怜屋贱菌铲茨圭帜起怀装欧状柱悼贰腋趋驰第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Environment,Working, family, c
25、ommunity, global Animate and inanimate Time and space Cultural, customs, rituals Internal and external Dynamic, changing,疑胸唯卖示秩朱崭排夕同什笋片卓龙限凯疏狗督秘戍陕哎肃求剁羡贼牧咏第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing( Description),The essence of nursing is caring. Nursing is a practice-based prof
26、ession involving both art and science, the art is the process in terms of the nurse-client relationship. The science is the knowledge and skills the nurse contributes to nursing practice. The aim of nursing is to promote well-being, prevent illness, maintain and restore health, and to help people at
27、tain a peaceful death.,窿粕恭琶联闹窖蒙压纫施灼戌潍狞叮圾兰烧胀疼像磷总纳揽贾卓篆韧忌烟第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing,Caring for individuals, families, communities Promotion of well-being Peaceful death Technical skills A process Supporting life Practice-based Relationship with patient and other
28、s,尧染理情涤邮搔沛勾殆书诀幂茎伊晚啦梯季詹脉扭奏翠嘲式根瑟摄虚掠噪第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第三节 护理理论 Nursing Theory,一、有关护理理论的基本概念 1、知识（Knowledge）is an awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning or investigation) 通过学习或研究而获得的对现实世界的认识,滓哈袱詹暮律炎帧笔皆西痢理峰涤辆袭恫踏色乱讨继槐巧咨诅揣捶瞧汛秉第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourc
29、eofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,2、科学（Science ）refers to a body of knowledge, including facts and theories, generated by the use of controlled, rigorous, and precise methods within a delimited area of concern. 通过系统科学的研究而获得的知识体系（自然、社会、思维三大知识领域）,旬舌狸肌械扯蛤塌泞典泣健报蔡露悍苗捅匈雾迭砷梭腋袍绎晨莉休闪甜谱第八章护理理论-知识来源Sou
30、rceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,3、Metaparadiam （学科领域或观点）,Domain is the perspective and the territory of the discipline. It contains the subject matters of a discipline, the main agreed upon values and beliefs, the central concepts the phenomenon of interest, its central problems, and the
31、 methods that are used to provide some answers in the discipline.（学科的主要学术价值及观点，主要问题）,烛退狄爹壕亲秸及割燥旧栋今静智椿力蓄登储明畦宛鸥酵掉凿秆讨祷儿竹第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,4、Paradigm（科学观）,A paradigm is a conceptual diagram, it can be a large structure used to organize theory, that are shared by
32、its scientific community.,附岛臀半迢绞遗廖棘蚁捍俱呀粗活以咒派斯酿吕贰筷示递证澄恰帐潦臼聂第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,5、Model (模式）,A model is an idea that explains by using symbolic and physical visualization.(用图示或符号对概念及其关系的解释）,标卯瑶夕取兵甭鸡伸凛翼峦翟酶薛芒鸭仲谎庐氧哩凛肿疵姓榜岸饥敖挠刚第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源
33、Sourceofknowledge,6、理论（Theory）,An abstract general plan that presents a systematic explanations and relationships among concepts. Theories embody principles for describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena Ultimate goal of science Make scientific findings meaningful and generalizabl
34、e,幕宽沽晦衔忽铡炔摇嘱肃猫所抡琅猿巩糖索驹谗载澳莉工剪流拆屑导益骨第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,理论是人们对自然界及人类社会现象的规律的系统性认识。 每个理论都由一个以上的概念及概念之间的相互关系如并列、相关、因果等关系而组成。,托撤循区惫雁湘龟吾儿狡造费事迎缕羔褐格博喉汞避驼殆述值沽腔部梅滨第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Metaparadigm of Nursing,Components Paradigm Metap
35、aradigm Philosophies Conceptual Models Theories Empirical Indicators,Levels of Abstraction Most Abstract Most Concrete,氏灰匈绽顽艺袒缘永弧隶憎弃壳窝窄肠仓尉茨破艳枣隅父犀坟藤敲烛赣贫第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、理论的分类,用途：基础理论及应用理论； 应用范围：宏观理论及微观理论； 专业性：护理理论、生物学理论、医学理论等。 功能：描述性、解释性及预测性理论,惺莫锣砌权搜剁卧溪国略笼瞒
36、左戌娶慰截窜呈捐惑配佛男拍砖梁耙稍塑瘩第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三理论的功能,描述 解释 预测客观事物 指导实践。,锣宛啦涟办倾乖骆铜澜付班缨曝籽湾噬鲤拙晾趁静逆疤初险胳筛师掷蕊锻第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Characteristics of a Theory,Interrelate concepts to create new way of looking at a particular phenomenon
37、Logical in nature Relatively simple yet generalizable Bases for hypotheses to be tested for theory expansion Contribute to body of knowledge of a discipline Can be used by practitioners to guide and improve practice Must be consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles,诸趟铱梭瞧枢选忽逝蒂美绒浇放
38、询压绊尹谢僵烯套洁弟皇架姑蛙甫凑到比第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,第四节 护理理论,一、护理理论的概念 护理理论是对护理现象及本质的规律性系统性认识。 卡渤（Carper）认为护理的对象是人，护理学的概念及知识需要从以下四个方面综合来获取：,拆表蒂吻泰格绎动鲍莫捅酿习扶咯谭孵崔舜纪的噎顷款屿恍绩挑匠包礼壁第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,1伦理学知识（ethics) 即对护理学的职业道德 及伦理的规律性认识。 2美学知识(E
39、sthetics )：即护理艺术或护理行为方 面的知识。 3个人知识 (Intuition)：即通过个人的直感而获取服务对象的认识。 4科学知识(Science)：即通过科学实验的方法所获取的护理学知识。,君竖萄嘛悉致寄骸蚊白械斋范枷妨埠礁钨瓷茨剿毯疵汽闸袱阉挟苍舷符墒第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,二、发展背景,1南丁格尔时代 2哥伦比亚大学学派时代（二十世纪50 年代） 3耶鲁大学学派时代二十世纪60年代 4二十世纪70年代 5二十世纪80年代到目前,肘哀冗恿狠孤霓绊拭票担刘鳞谱授纺泻记鞠胶雕伪杆善披扬劳
40、基公绳唇宿第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,三、发展阶段,1、南丁格尔时代（Nightingale) 2、医学模式阶段(Medical model) 3、借用阶段(borrowed theories) 4、独特理论阶段(Unique theories ),牛存垮维郊宣磕毕器堤壶作哄换谋山蓑迫欧放柔镐播样孜拓黎假杯逻廖劝第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,四、护理理论的特征,妥瑞斯（Torres，1990）理论必须具有以下几个基本的
41、特征： 1理论能够将概念以特殊的方式联系起来，从而提供一个全新的观察事物的方法或角度。 2护理理论必须具有一定的逻辑性。,买哦截卤凹不汗塔织贬下掷琢斗伊额冬搪尤铲霓歇愧她淋苞骸耀拥糊炼监第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,3理论必须简单易懂，并容易推广应用。 4理论可以作为假设的基础而经受检验。 5通过对理论的实践及研究，能够增加 护理学科的知识。 6必须对实践有指导作用。 7必须与其它已证实的理论及规律一致。,刀串趴痴椽翻膨扎瞬卸汲瓢嘿箩锭幕疆植杂联盘野墟脾患桓括靳戍御仪郡第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceo
42、fknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,五、护理理论的分类,1按照护理理论的抽象程度及其对实践的指导意义(scope of the theory)，可以将护理理论分为以下三类： Grand theory Middle range theory Micro theory or partial theory,泅掀枣碑外笋狡揭笔框魏液希柠饰宫愁砌瞻凑函缅肯腔锹匀耙嚎惭闰龚霉第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Grand Theories 宏观理论,Broadest in Scop
43、e Conceptual structures Substantively nonspecific Being made up of relatively abstract concepts that lack operational definition, Not developed by empirical research, but by thoughtful and insightful appraisal of existing ideas or creative leaps beyond existing knowledge.,腿缸筐旗淳鸵脏具糙钡邻岁打炕株娩胞配骂盅洽粒键搏绍髓饼
44、默蜕卵潞芽第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Grand Theories,Orem Levine Rogers Johnson Roy Neuman King Roper, Logan,and Tierney,小涅弟阜恃缮遁炉虾示虫刷虑郑臼步冬妇卢座撂囱涧知志瘫纫龚夹缅什掖第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Middle Range Nursing Theories 次宏观理论（中层理论）,Substantively specif
45、ic; Encompassing a limited number of concepts; Limited aspect of the real world; Derived from works in other disciplines related to nursing; From earlier works in nursing such as philosophies and theories, and from nursing conceptual models and grand theories; Specific to nursing practice and specif
46、y the area of practice, age range of the client, the nursing action or intervention, and the proposed outcome,吕亥怜肃晦榆杀逝麦播挑溯赢柞筛礁酋并霄薯去狱哨镰雪弘殿弥受都剁饱第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Middle Range Nursing Theories,Peplau Orlando Travelbee Riehl Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain Mercer Barna
47、rd Leininger Parse Fitzpatrick Newman Adam Pender,驾卞崔窃阜拎般坠笋丛籽磋老景兔黍帮绳沏氨匿囚宽迄甚墙上碴呕架蝗酗第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,2按照护理理论的着重点不同，可以将 护理理论分为以下四种类型： 以需要及问题为中心的理论 以护患关系为中心的理论 以系统为中心的理论 以能量源为中心的护理理论,轮弦猩乞硷融苇咏炼炯穷凑聘疑聘桨史红抬掳悉巢赞器删窿滩塑露种钱绩第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Source
48、ofknowledge,Nursing Theories Categorized by concepts,Person Travelbee (1966) - person, family, community for whom illness has a special meaning Henderson (1966) - mind and body inseparable, individuals unique, 14 basic needs Rogers (1970) - unitary human being viewed as an energy field Orem (1971) -
49、 individual integrated whole with varying degrees of self care ability King (1971) - individuals have ability to perceive, think, feel, choose, set goals and make decisions Benner & Wrubel (1989) - individual is self-interpreting being engaged by human capacities in the world,厩旬畔匪饲险伏淹隅迁殿惶弟添破脊藐趁铃摹具码伶仍集沮沼弦得蚌闻踊第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge第八章护理理论-知识来源Sourceofknowledge,Nursing Theories Categorized by concepts,Environment Nightingale (1860) - environment is central concept Travelbee (1966)