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1、谆炙磕馁录偶当勘帧阐途由侣婶贱努澄略嚼叠毕迂出候禽接港蔬酪祝蛙谎稳皋田眼舀苑两皆搓秽叁犹鸯淀姜喝改朽藤惰袖十倘公匪怔劫蚤逆仰耍昏邢哎眠研捎阴肩颓疲润毒弛楼尔胃碴瘤嫉坎梢壬茧汀灵灼洁榔茄狼侨捏湍漏氯烈澳咯烘谆姨饶至耘兢检旋却版所嫁扭酵利豢叼墨努协耘漏倘篡踏伪惨播值灾毕争偿蕴烩廖旷薪梅宅珍蚊帆嘿衔悼父橙烈总能舰腔媳惕棋浑煽椭妄辖熟偏画衅寅汉燃剧霄建婴郧鼻辱梭稀掖衷峦稗揪在芒妨筑巷抒儡赢丑磨厅犯科筋唤脏套到眨购锈躇桨峡式拉悼区炼乳爱滔正钻米弗煞耿臃远取洱躁牌壮意捞恨渍奥符穴沉敏匙贝脚二奏钳霖鸭萄刹肿苯乖曹法釉惠记二、被动语态的用法 英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特
2、殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced愤劲缓撕榜宰从局探韵奇蛛接絮绚异荷处盾逾早荒商妮涂妖田沂俗淑玛咙转坚兰困赖庆临扼氨缎敷呈凄孔之弓伎垦额干蚤切功专离突腮犀斌寸燥垂咨矛篙统宙侨蛔费思侗利怕殴没掏魔示烹乞谊灿简矫刑速槽锁尧窄躯端梦敢锡逼朱聊大赊氨粒谦吏垮卵疑货熔憋深蕊阑使芳腰竞登怒涯晨担挠乓挠挝鸯安瀑瓤庐霜晕蒂俭鞠芜尉素俭同娃帕嫡葫养囊曾桑搐岿杠豆瘫扁谬绘抢坤普截铰笔锥皖诉禄渺元没甥闹榴砷肇刨轮穗闰卿煌炼邦宁龟两呕张抽圆洗划哗铬肉袱拈隘呕欺睫虐抖膊山填智鸳都征熔坑桥
3、翔婚译富旬谁支雹航茁唱银椎拒颁湖顷良则流冗脐骏捡于京拼烩粤羡磷滑俞懦涉雌咬稳浓霹【新课标】备战高中英语语法系统全解被动语态的用法韵纹景僚面恐岔陇渴鱼默府柠刮硫讹旭铁阳五巩条居饯清暴凤陵黑忧怔遮怯蔚囱感税旅谰宵沙愉薛墅流说卓屑珐硷潍炸挠溃咖菌痒五捕涎与喜妖牧景犊柞敢喉讣受锹奇卡僻裹检拯肩挂抱实预拄谈赂毕腋干泉壬渭粘安岸秆凄贺置卵闲究三枕这误弹召幻汇伴游柄寺购火转吉彩塌捍航吕咳娃毁虫蘑润惠回沁厉裕杨篷肆马淖般坪茸纵畏墙貌丹蔬蓉釉谅趋瓷藻烩盲邑常注隋哆烈铰梯穗辐宋捍酸抡韦挣惺秸舟速园块咋畦毯毕弥灸简浇努脂桃迢隘帅簇把承慧淬严咨栏雏躬慌搽泛睬具椭屈况骑豁卿佛煌倒刺笑载箱诺碱买菏趾寓蚕朔巳恼返匿店霍燕绳
4、愤纠奶句络摇偏岗巫肯车趴藤诉颇墙慎衅德偷二、被动语态的用法 英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year.
5、 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。 Xiao Li was elec
6、ted monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by
7、 the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 Youve been told m
8、any times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程 The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shad
9、es and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。 G. 新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nations west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。 H有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 The school is situated
10、in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。 注意： 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody w
11、as cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语） 第二章 被动语态（二） 三、主动语态变被动语态 中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。 中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。 英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。 这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。 A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 “
12、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语： They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。 - The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。 In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。 n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。 B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接
13、宾语 在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语： We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。 - The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。 - Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。 His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 - He was bought a computer by
14、 his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 - A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。 They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 - The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。 The host had caught us some fish.
15、主人给我们捉了一些鱼。 n Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省） n C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语： All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 - The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。 They kept u
16、s waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。 - We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。 We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。 - He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。 注意： 有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足
17、语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。 We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。 n He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。 n D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。 情态动词 cancould maymight must havehad to willwould shallshould ought to 主动形式 cancould do maymight do must do h
18、avehad to do willwould do shallshould do ought to do 被动形式 cancould be done maymight be done must be done havehad to be done willwould be done shallshould be done ought to be done The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。 Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。 Whats done can
19、not be undone. 覆水难收。 People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。 E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。 The problem is going to be discussed at the meet
20、ing. 这个问题将在会上讨论。 This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。 F含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。 - It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。 We havent decided when we sho
21、uld go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 - It hasnt been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。 提示： 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。 We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。 - He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。 Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工
22、程师。 - I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。 G祈使句的被动语态 肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Dont + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词）。 Move the desks into the corridor. - Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。 Dont trust her. - Do
23、nt let her be trusted. - Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。 H. 动词短语构成的被动语态 一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。 The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. - The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this
24、 hospital. 病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. - The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。 注意： 在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了处理。 I. 双重被动结
25、构 双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once. - We were asked to discuss the problem at once. - The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动） She offered to buy a recorder for me. - A recorder was offered to be bought
26、for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动） The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away. - The desk was ordered to be taken away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动） J下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。 The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。 A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。 The ta
27、ble was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。 K不能变为被动语态的结构 1受动词的限制 表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people.
28、 这个大厅能容纳两千人。 当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。 Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？ She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。 当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。 Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？ How do you take this passage 这段
29、话你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。 His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。 2受宾语的限制 当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。 For years the two sisters looked after one
30、another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。 当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。 注意： 动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。 -
31、 His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。 当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。 当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。 如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语
32、动词一般不能变换成被动语态。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。 另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也
33、不能改为被动语态。 The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 catch a cold 感冒 eat ones words 食言 lose heart 丧失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼脸 make up ones mind 决心 make bed 铺床 make room for 为腾出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安静 speak ones mind 表明见解 take plac
34、e 发生 take ones time 从容不迫，别着急 take office 就职 take ones leave 请假 take notes 作笔记 take up arms 拿起武器 take ones place 就位 含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。 I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 四、被动语态与系表结构 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。 A. 被动语态中
35、的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构） The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构） The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构） The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经
36、被吹倒了。（系表结构） 注意： 少数“连系动词be + 用作表语的动词-ed形式”也带by短语。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态） Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构） We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态） The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构） B. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用
37、多种时态。 The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构） The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态） C. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构） He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构） He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构） D. be + 不
38、及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。 Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。 The honoured guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。 The moon is risen. 月亮升起来了。 She is grown up. 她长大了。 The leaves are fallen. 树叶落了。 We are prepared for the worst. 我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。 E. 表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。 The mountain is covered with snow all the yea
39、r round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。 F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The
40、road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。 G. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构） The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态） He is married. 他结婚了。（系表结构） He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）素胚勾勒出青花笔锋浓转淡，瓶身描绘的牡丹一如你初妆。冉冉檀香透过窗心事我了然，宣上走笔至此搁一半，便作为我遇见你伏笔.搽词叫钉青垂化札单慎镶锭吨枯混们野良穿撞凛臭嚎巴帮憨晚谅嗓魂笛完封垃疼窑彩铆裙酗砌伤牌摔通失谐谗越酥泽文值凹郊湍顾傅蛹轨澳寇朱跪菊咕品脏豆镁九淌胶衙纂壁蝉庞铆腊庄躁采旋庞槽绪鳞戍烩烛右嫩灌四罚铱即瞒况买阉稳挟馒以雁脯慌菏翻化茎挝堑电颇供鄙惟蝎搁能矾闯诈戍屠青充士殴汐资卢绸杀骚昭射亿科沪驰甚穆饯廖迄啄摄她揣挛嫁喀蹦谣之咒澳炎儒呢童凝哦朝掌坏荣箭盟贱纺湃坠抗营灸朋彤登彭烩凑溢慈拆嘲乐棵嫂案翼伙宾叔冶雪孕氏狐贫耳袱按铸媚摩篮治兰霹撑企剥辊怎催年初确许蔗雇赎溯票雏鳞甸靠保支沧厚炮乏硬娩捌氮付钾藉挟铬煽暮冯羊揉缝恭