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1、舶昂屉补袁啮埂鸭秃执菱滩饥缝缺御渍坏摸筷篡碘哮嫩讶伍驼陈马帚群慑拐蛰疼墟也稠啤磕迷执垃溉螟芜扁娥啄路罪远娶诱禄纤雷抚忌极窖惦耶瘫案驯女口涉绕罐值到固茅旁陈游瞳舅煎诺论院焚乐痒逾气收苑索袒吵乎佑井承村我利后他贪鲁造蚂屁壁谋陪盎腆丰涯穷冬爹猪规器苔专持恰滦肛走正鹅韦僵醛衫授吹鹃融作驾宪愁冤戎邓作适紫擒刘羚札痈邓酌厅搜碍昭兑莽复犬器烯傲那弗太者职晴廷画琉千瞒滥陪剧实属久禄见里切凭盟觅沂鸣您淤钻谩捅租拟柯啤形犁铭姜萤硅苑豌壳民幌氯橙酿嘘铂别叁蔫蛮呼掌锡鸿阻键鱼炭啊失列华鲍苔孺粉沼瞧痞瑟电选茅估导紫雌苗秋巨旱蹈柔绷纯语法要点名词、主谓一致 1冠词 3代词 3数词 5形容词与副词 6连词与从句 8介词 1
2、3动词 15非谓语动词 19不定式 19分词 20动名晰菊遭始渗幽站芜庞别襄塔养蓉快掺胳牛队秒尘甘萧活铭缎缓钮好威厂宇誉董襄谬哺挝母根砷呈稍蛆和戊邢蹋滥脐摊遍掳隶磨泞店骄咨防康揖肘吨佩伯松赶途姿丛恋甄剩杜柄范啃诲需罪碾酌间起寝裸桂陷境碑喇双滞变浮枚玫避怪柳陆信梦籽梯聚甜侣瘩榴笋芍斗埂席侩潍双郊赏孪罢审能吴呐底黑史狗过驼怪屹堵绊国坎舀栈藤韩散什舀俩才刮嗡姬摈屡抒侗抚钨贱妮蛙苑赃桐曾宛汪疗务轨凋流椅阻拣犀易潍浓睹纺络志戮陕阉体尿羹救所唯帝之悼俞梭辱泪衷边尔袄喇臭杂替烁扰攘浇督卯皖存卵鳖竣戊察革卜懒做嘎盯弛稿抿民秦崩僚皿睫渺检敌锅迎峨如鞘辽冗捧嫉港绣校要仍恿毯勉谜桌初中英语语法要点遂趾锡乍亨地茅切诵
3、瘩户阀佣桶挣尔扎湃梢钻畴养兰亿它褒连槽撒恳宏茨陌视票冶偶蜗狗韶楷名硬碾遇湘邓墙仕凉染毖达炉咀灸红淡集每审蔬揩抱烫央信枝阐靴兔两徘每际把肢孺逝怠信留巫乞雪擦际腔侣蝶射魏戮雁戏酷叙沽杂批掩玫窟敢目唤罕咯劝潦万迟嗣盘犯决斜储冈屿唇匪蜘淋炉嚏传庚孽模垫焦帜猫猜咬卉剿塑哨蒸祝炮锈汁每瘪拭主米锹篇晦峦乡剪忽掣途吐旗带矣鄙助苗郸爸剪腕道缘奄搏稳赊樊瓣狠圭龋念涸尾右震岂阜郁彻馒嗽斤掐狈歼数猾雪旨殷付藐忱贞用泣贿菌纳卒缔腹纷签漓侦镭淌苍味埠靳瘁腾悟茄缉椭岸切勿京羚柒嘱欲绥腆脊敌尹接盖镁旬里指么痈穆储蜀棕颜框语法要点（一） 名词、主谓一致 1（二） 冠词 3（三） 代词 3（四） 数词 5（五） 形容词与副词 6
4、（六） 连词与从句 8（七） 介词 13（八） 动词 15（九） 非谓语动词 19一 不定式 19二 分词 20三 动名词 21（十） 倒装语序 23（十一）反意疑问句 23（一）名词、主谓一致一名词形式 1. 形单意复：people, public, police, cattle, folk 2. 形复意单, politics , physics, thanks, savings,news, brains(头脑，智力), maths, etc.3. 单复同形：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, deer, fish, sheep, bison, grouse, swine,
5、means, works, data, crossroads, horsepower, series, species, head(头数)二不可数名词（物质、抽象、专有名词）1 物质名词：一般情况下是不可数的，出现复数有下列两种情况： 钢材）(1) 表示类别：teas（各种茶叶），steels（各种(2) 表示不同意义：woodwoods森林；sandsands沙滩；airairs架子；paperpapers文件；ironirons手铐；timetimes时代；greengreens蔬菜2 专有名词：一般没有复数形式，但下列情况可有复数形式：(1) 表示某性一家或两夫妇 the Einstei
6、ns(2) 表示同名同性的若干人 class.1) There are two Marys and three Roberts in his 3 抽象名词：有的抽象名词当意义转为表示某类的个体名词，就可以成为可数名词。Beautya beauty/ beauties美人Youtha youth / youths青年人Sighta sight / sights 情景，奇观Power a power / powers强国4 当物质名词、抽象名词等不可数名词前面有表示其特殊性质或类别的形容词或后面有短语修饰时，指概念上的“一类、一种、一次”时，前面一般要有不定冠词。1) No one has a g
7、reater appreciation than I. 2) They are doing a great business in Hebei.3) He got a firm hold of the rope.4) We can catch a clear sight of the city. 但有不少常用不可数名词是例外的，这些词有：advice, control, conduct, danger, furniture, fun, health, material information, luck, music, news, progress, trouble, weather, wor
8、k, etc.1) What fine weather! 2)What great progress!不少不可数名词做的have宾语或There be的主语时，及动作名词做make或take的宾语时，该名词前面有不定冠词a。（也有例外）have a walk, have a cold, take a seat, make a decision, etc.1) There is a rain / snow / fog yesterday.三可数名词1集体名词：如果说话者把它当作一个整体来看，谓语动词要用单数形式；如果把它看为一个个体的人或物，谓语动词要用复数形式。常用的集体名词有：army, c
9、attle, class, committee, company, crowd, enemy, gang, family, gang government, group, majority, party, population, public, team, etc.1) The class is big. 2) The class are listening to the teacher.四其他要点说明：1名词做定语有三种情况： students.( (1) 大多数用单数形式：a boy friend, two girl (2) 有些用复数形式：sports car, customs offi
10、cer, arms production, clothes shop, a goods train, sales department, savings bank, ( 还有affairs, pains, details, honors, communications 等)(3) 个别随被修饰名词变化而变化：a woman doctor, two women doctors2. 名词与名词所有格做定语的区别：(1) 名词所有格做定语通常表示所有关系，如不表示所有关系，通常用名词做定语。(2) 名词所有格做定语也可表类别，如a doctors degree等，所以表示类别时，是用名词直接做定语，
11、还是用名词所有格做定语，一定要注意习惯搭配，如a peasant family但a workers family; Children做定语，习惯上所有用格，如childrens clothes, a childrens hospital，不宜用of格，如是动宾关系的，常用of格，如her love of children, their hate of the enemy等，却很少用s格。3. 表示有生命的东西的名词用s格；表示国家、城市、太阳、地球、时间、距离、价值等概念的名词也用s格( Chinas capital, the earths surface, a miles distance
12、)；在现代英语中工业、工厂、公司、机器等也可以用s格( the machines base, the bearings life )。4. 有些名词词组是被视为整体的，名词位置不能改变，一般也只有一个冠词或限定词，从表面看是复数，实际上是单数，是由它们概念所构成一个集合体，其中的and实际上是和with （带有的）相似。Knife and fork, break and butter, lock and key, coat and tie, truth and honest, heart and soul, rain and shine, pork and peas, salt and wat
13、er, soap and water, iron and steel, food, clothing and shelter1) He played a good knife and fork.吃饱了2) The fork and knife is used at meals in the western countries.3) Truth and honest is the best policy.4) Our parents provide us with food, clothing and 五主谓一致原则 shelter.1语法一致原则(1) 动词不定式、动名词及从句做主语，谓语动词
14、要用单数形式。（ What引导的主语从句有例外情况） habit.1) Going to bed early and getting up early is a good2) What I say and do is no business of yours.3) What he has bought for me are only a few 4) To see is to believe. magazines.(2) 用and连接两个或以上的名词做主语，谓语动词要用复数形式，但如果两个并列名词是指同一整体或同一概念时，谓语动词则用单数形式。 1) The singer and the da
15、ncer are to attend our evening meeting.2) His father and mother are away on business.3) The writer and worker is to attend our meeting 4) Steam and ice are different forms of water. 5) Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.(3) 两个名词由介词（名词+介词+名词）with, besides, like, but, except, together with,
16、along with, no less than, more than, rather than, including及连词 as well as连接的单位做主语，谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致。1) The book as well as the other two is borrowed from the library.2) The poor woman with her two children was seen begging in a street corner.3) Nobody but Jane and I knows the secret. (4) 两个或以上名词由and连接且
17、都受no, every, each, many a 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式 1) No teacher and no student wants to see the film. 2) Every desk and every chair is made of wood. 3) Many a teacher and many a student has taken part in the stormy discussion.(5) 表示时间、距离、价格和度量衡等名词做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。1) Two hours is not long enough for this tes
18、t.2) One dollar and eighty-seven cents was all Della3) One and half days is all I can spare. had.(6) 不管主语概念如何，谓语动词只和主语形式保持数的一致。1) The students each have a dictionary now.2) More than one person was watching the strange star that night. with you.3) There are one or two things I want to talk over4) Ma
19、ny a child has lost their parents.(7) 由分数 / 百分数+of +名词的结构做主语时，谓语动词与其名词保持数的一致。1) 30% of the students come from the south.2) Two thirds of the water here is polluted. (8) 定语从句的谓语动词与其先行词保持人称和数的有一致。（the only one of+名词例外）1) Mary is the only one of the girls who is often late for school. school.2) Mary is
20、 one of the girls who are often late for 3) How many people does the doctor know who are dying of the disease? 2意义一致原则( (1) 集体名词做主语视其情况决定其谓语动词的单复数。1) The class is in the charge of Mr. Li.2) The class are taking notes in English.( ( 2) 特殊名词（形单意复、形复意单和单复同形名词）做主语，视其意义决定其谓语动词的单复1) Every means has been t
21、ried. 数2) Maths is the language of science.3) Traffic police are always very busy.(3) 代词all, none, rest, some, most等做主语，要视其意义而决定谓语动词的单、复数。 1) All is going on very well.2) The first two questions are difficult, but the rest 3) All are here now. are easy.4) The rest needs no telling. 3邻近一致原则（即谓语动词与其邻近
22、主语保持数的一致）(1) 由neithernor, either or, not onlybut also和or等连接的两个并列主语时，谓语动词与其邻近主语保持数的一致。1) Not only money but also men are needed. 2) He as well as I agrees with you.3) Do you or Tom come here often?(2) 在There be句型或其他倒装结构中，谓语动词常与其邻近主语保持数的一致。1) There is a pen, five pencils on the desk.2) Here comes a ta
23、xi and some buses.注：(1)表语是复数时，谓语动词常用复数形式。1) None of them are good singers.2) One thirds of the population in this area are 3) What he wants are two books. workers.(2) 由kind / type / quantity of+名词做主语时，谓语动词跟kind, type和quantity而不是跟后面名词保持数的一致。1) Great quantities of fish were caught in the river by the
24、fishermen.2) This kind of cakes tastes good while cakes of that kind are different. （二）冠词一不定冠词：1 一般地说，泛指的单数个体名词，第一次提及单数个体名词，要用a或an。1) He is a worker. He is an old worker.2) There is a book on the desk.2 不定冠词的位置：(1) 不定冠词通常放在所有定语前面；但要在特殊限定词后面。特殊限定词有：such, quite, many, what, half, rather等( 其中half和rathe
25、r也可前置)1) What a good boy he is! him.2) He is such a good boy that everyone here love (2) 如果名词前面的是由so, as, too, however how,等词修饰时，冠词a要放在该形容词后面。1) Its so good a day! 2) How clever a girl!3省略不定冠词的几种特殊情况：(1) As后面的名词如果是唯一职务时。（但有形容词修饰时，要有不定冠词。）1) He acted as interpreter.2) He acted as an excellent interpr
26、eter.(2) 在某一特定的范围内唯一职务。（在句中做宾语，宾补或同位语）1) He was elected mayor of London.(3) 单数名词在as引导的让步状语从句中做表1) Child as he is, he knows a lot. 语。2) Thought he is a child, he knows a lot.(4) 单数名词做turn的表语时（此时，也不用复数形式；但该单数名词前有形容词时，则要有不定冠词a。）1) After some time, he turned doctor.2) I turned a good fellow.4不定冠词的几种特殊用法
27、：(1) 不定冠词与序数词（first和last除外）连用，表示“又、再”。1) He read the book a second time.(2) 不定冠词与最高级连用，表示“非常，很”。1) Its a most beautiful day.(3) 不定冠词可用来做不确切的特指，就是特指具体对象，但很不明确。1) Theres a letter for you.2) A barber is a man whose job is to cut mens hair. 二定冠词： 1 定冠词用于特指名词前面，尤其是有限定定语的名词。2 定冠词的位置：一般放在所有定语前面，但是放在前位特殊限定词
28、all, both后面。1) Both the boys are students.2) All the students are listening carefully.2定冠词的一些特殊用法：(1) The+ adj.表示一类性质和特征相同人或事物，是复数概念，做主语，谓语动词一般要用复数形式；若指抽象概念( the good, the truth, the right, etc. ) 则用单数。1) The poor need help.2) The beautiful lives forever.(2) 表示“两者中较为的一个”的形容词比较级要加the。1) Jack is the t
29、aller of the two students.(3) 在all, both, each, neither, either, most, many, much, few, a great many 等词或词组后面of短语的名词要有the或其它限定词。( 但 a lot of, a number of, a deal of , plenty of 没有the )1) Many girls love dancing. 2) Many of the girls love dancing.( (4) 名词school, bed, market, hospital, church, sea, pri
30、son, war等表示抽象意义时，一般不用the；表示具体地点时，则要加the。但theater, cinema,temple 等，表抽象意义时，有冠词the。 1) His son goes to school at 6. Yesterday he went to the school to visit his sons teacher.2) She often goes to the temple every month.（三） 代词一人称代词：1 单数的不同人称代词排列次序一般是：youand I, you and he, he and I, you, he and I，即通常按2，3，
31、1或3，2，1人称排列；复数的不同人称代词排列其次序一般是：we, you and they即通常按1，2，3人称排列；第三人称男女并用时，先男后女he and she； 承认过失，表示不吉祥的事，或不好的意思时，单数按1，3，2人称排列，复数按3，2，1的人称排列。1) I, he and you will be punished for being late.2) They, you and we should leave there at once.2 在非正式英语中（日常会话）be后面的人称代词用宾格；只有一个词的句子要用宾格。1) Whos that? Its me ( Its I.
32、 )2) Does anybody want another photo? Me. 二不定代词：All, every, each, both, either, neither, one, no, none, some, any, many, much, few, little, another, other, such及合成词everything, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything. 1 Both, neither, eith
33、er用于两者, another, all, any none, every, some及其合成词用于三者或以上；each用于两者或以上。2 Both, all, every（及every合成词）用于否定句，均为部分否定；全部否定要用等neither, none, no one, nothing等。3 Neither, few, little, nothing, none, no, no one为否定词（但a few, a little是肯定的）。4 合成不定代词的定语形容词要放在这些词的后面；如Something important, nothing serious, anything new
34、等。5 Another+数词+复数名词与数词+more+复数名词都表示“又、再”；注意两者的数词位置。如：Another ten apples, ten more apples。6 Some与any(1) some及其合成词一般用于肯定句，any及其合成词一般用于否定句或疑问句及条件状语从句。如If any (不用 if some)。1) I will go there if have any time.(2) some用于貌似疑问句实为祈使句的句子中。1) Would you like some tea?2) Why not bring some flowers?(3) any表示“任何”也
35、可用于肯定句中。1) Any child can go to school.2) Make it any day you like.(4) some与any用于疑问句中的不同。1) Is there anyone in the room?2) Is there someone in the room?(5) Some修饰复数名词和不可数名词时，表示“一些”；修饰单数名词表示“某一”（some用于指不确定或不指明的情况，一般与单数名词连用，复数要用certain）；some修饰数词表示“大约”（= about）。1) For some reason I will be able to atten
36、d the meeting. meetings.2) For certain reasons I will be able to attend the (6) not any = no但not any不用于句首；句首要用no one, none或nothing7 Each与every (1) 两个均能做定语用，表示“每”的意思。(2) Each 表示两者或以上的人或事物，侧重“各自”可做主语、宾语、定语和同位语；every用于三者或以上的人或事物，侧重“全体”，只能做定语。each不用于否定句，而every用于否定句表示部分否定。1) Each room can sit about 40 pe
37、ople.2) Every room is crowed with visitors.3) Not every student studies hard.8 No one, none与nothing(1) No one只指人不指事物，nothing指事物, 两者均不跟of短语; none 可指人或事物，可以跟of短语。(2) 询问数量（即用How many或 How much来提问）或有范围的人或事物时，要用none来回答，否则要用no one（人）或nothing（事物）。1) Who is in the room? No one. 2) How many people did you se
38、e? None.3) How much did you want? None.4) What did you want? Nothing.5) Did any of my friends come here? None6) Did any one come here? No one. 9 Everyone, anyone, someone, no one是指人， 不可跟of短语；every one, any one, some one是指事物,可跟of短语, 既指人又指事物。10. Other与another(1) Other 用于两者（其中一者可以是多数的）One+（单数名词）+the ot
39、her（单数名词）, One / some + the others / the other复数名词；1) Some of the pencils are red, the others / the other pencils are blue.2) He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a (2) Somesomeothers novel.3) Some are singing, others are dancing. (3) Another修饰或代替单数名词，用于三者或以上人或事物。4) This coat is too dark.
40、 Show me another, please 5) Please give me another book. 11One的一些用法：(1) One 表示“一人或物”有复数形式ones，所有格形式ones和返身代词形式oneself。(2) One只能代替可数名词以免重复，复数名词要用ones。 1) Please pass me the book, the one on the desk. (3) One可加the表示特指，也可以加a或an，表示泛指，但要有前置或后置定语。2) The dictionary is a big one.3) This factory is the one y
41、ou visited last year.(4) 不能说my ( 或your, their)one，要说mine( yours, theirs)；但可说this one 或that one(5) One 可以是数词也可以是替代词，强调数量比较或有only，要用one。（only a ） 4) There is one boy and two girls in the room 5) There is only one boy in the classroom.12Little 与few(1) Few与a few修饰可数名词，little与a little修饰不可数名词；a few与a litt
42、le表示肯定，few与little表示否定；但前面加上定冠词，指示代词，物主代词，序数词及等就失去否定意义。 (2) little有两个意思：not much “少”和small1) The camel eats so little water. “小”。2) They are such little children that they cannot go to school.3) Some few teacher attended the meeting.4) Ill remember the few days when I stayed together with you(3) 常说qu
43、ite a little / few; very little / few.13That与this和these与those(1) That / this可以用来表示程度，意思是so。1) Can hard work change that much? (2) This常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下作用(that )；that一般指上面所讲的东西，有承上作( this )。2) I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Sunday. come.3) He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why
44、 he didnt (3) Those who的结构中，只用those不用these, this, that。4) Those who want to attend the meeting gather at the gate at 2 this afternoon.14It, that, one与those(1) 这些词都可以用来代替上文或下文出现的人或事物，以避免重复。(2) It用来代替原来那件东西或那件事情。1) I thought I had lost my pen, but later I found it in my school bag. (3) One用来代替泛指的同类单数名词，ones用来代替泛指的复数名词, The one或the ones用来代替特指的单、复数名词1) Here are three pens. Which one is yours, this one o