1、UnitFourHowtoWriteLiteratureReviewHowtoWriteLiteratureReviewl lWhatisareviewoftheliterature?Whatisareviewoftheliterature?l lStagesofwritingliteraturereviewStagesofwritingliteraturereviewl lSkillsofwritingliteraturereviewSkillsofwritingliteraturereviewl lTasksaliteraturereviewmustdoTasksaliteraturere
2、viewmustdol lElementscomprisedinliteraturereviewElementscomprisedinliteraturereviewWhatisareviewoftheliterature?l lAliteraturereviewisanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyscholarsandresearchers.Whatisareviewoftheliterature?l lInwritingtheliteraturereview,yourpurposeInwritingtheliteraturereview,y
3、ourpurposeistoistodemostrateaclearunderstandingofthedemostrateaclearunderstandingofthetopicbeinginvestigated,namely:topicbeinginvestigated,namely:l lwhathasbeendonewhathasbeendoneonthetopic?onthetopic?l lwhatwhatdifferentscholarsdifferentscholarshavesaidabouttheirhavesaidabouttheirownownresearchrese
4、arch?l lwhatwhatmajorfindingmajorfindinghavebeenpublished?havebeenpublished?l lwhatwhatcontroversialareacontroversialareaexist?exist?文献综述文献综述概念(也叫概念(也叫文献阅读报告文献阅读报告)uu文献综述的概念文献综述的概念文献综述的概念文献综述的概念(“review”,“summary”,“survey”,(“review”,“summary”,“survey”,“past,present,andfuture”,etc.)“past,present,andf
5、uture”,etc.)uu p意义和目的意义和目的是是总结和综合总结和综合该方向该方向前人前人已经做了的工作,已经做了的工作,了解了解当前的研究水平,分析存在问题,指出可能的研究问题和发当前的研究水平,分析存在问题,指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等展方向等。p文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种学术论文学术论文学术论文学术论文,是高度浓,是高度浓缩的缩的文献产品文献产品文献产品文献产品。p其特点是其特点是“综综综综”和和“述述述述”“综综”要求对文献资料进行综
6、合分析、要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理,使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次;归纳整理,使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次;“述述”则要求则要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统的、客对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统的、客观的论述观的论述。Askyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview1.1.WhatistheWhatisthespecificthesis,problem,orspecificthesis,problem,orresearchquestionresearchquestionthatmyliteratur
7、ereviewthatmyliteraturereviewhelpstodefine?helpstodefine?2.What2.WhattypetypeofliteraturereviewamIofliteraturereviewamIconducting?AmIlookingatissuesoftheory?conducting?AmIlookingatissuesoftheory?methodology?policy?quantitativeresearchmethodology?policy?quantitativeresearch(e.g.ontheeffectivenessofan
8、ew(e.g.ontheeffectivenessofanewprocedure)?qualitativeresearch(e.g.,studiesprocedure)?qualitativeresearch(e.g.,studies)?)?Askyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview3.3.WhatistheWhatisthescopescopeofmyliteraturereview?ofmyliteraturereview?WhattypesofpublicationsamIusing(e.g.,Whattypesofpublica
9、tionsamIusing(e.g.,journals,books,governmentdocuments,journals,books,governmentdocuments,popularmedia)?WhatdisciplineamIpopularmedia)?WhatdisciplineamIworkingin(e.g.,nursingpsychology,workingin(e.g.,nursingpsychology,sociology,medicine)?sociology,medicine)?Askyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteratur
10、ereview4.Howgoodwasmy4.Howgoodwasmyinformationseekinginformationseeking?HasmysearchbeenwideenoughtoHasmysearchbeenwideenoughtoensureIvefoundalltherelevantmaterial?ensureIvefoundalltherelevantmaterial?HasitbeennarrowenoughtoexcludeHasitbeennarrowenoughtoexcludeirrelevantmaterial?Isthenumberofirreleva
11、ntmaterial?IsthenumberofsourcesIveusedappropriateforthelengthsourcesIveusedappropriateforthelengthofmypaper?ofmypaper?5.HaveI5.HaveIcriticallyanalysedcriticallyanalysedtheliteratureItheliteratureIuse?DoIfollowthroughasetofconceptsuse?DoIfollowthroughasetofconceptsandquestions,comparingitemstoeachand
12、questions,comparingitemstoeachotherinthewaystheydealwiththem?otherinthewaystheydealwiththem?InsteadofjustlistingandsummarizingInsteadofjustlistingandsummarizingitems,doIassessthem,discussingitems,doIassessthem,discussingstrengthsandweaknesses?strengthsandweaknesses?Askyourselfquestionsbeforewritinga
13、literaturereview6.HaveIcitedanddiscussedstudies6.HaveIcitedanddiscussedstudiescontrarycontrary tomyperspective?tomyperspective?7.Willthereaderfindmyliteraturereview7.Willthereaderfindmyliteraturereviewrelevant,appropriate,andusefulrelevant,appropriate,anduseful?Whatisareviewoftheliterature?l lAliter
14、aturereviewisaveryimportantpartofAliteraturereviewisaveryimportantpartoftheresearchproject.Itmaybeaself-theresearchproject.Itmaybeaself-containedreviewlikecontainedreviewlikeoneasaseparateassignment,butmoreoftenitisapartoftheintroductiontoanacademicessay.文献中表达不同功能的常用句型文献中表达不同功能的常用句型P140lfuction1:rev
15、iewthepreviousrelatedstudiesleg:Manystudieshavebeenconductedon.lSeveralauthorshaveundertaken.bymeansofastatisticalapproachsolving.lfuction2:statethepreviousstudieslimitationleg:However,thereislittledefiniteinformationconcerning.lHowever,previousresearchinthisfieldhasbeenlimited/restrictedto.lfuction
16、3:announcethedirectionfortheirstudiesleg:.couldpossiblybeachievedwithfurtherstudy.lFurtherresearchisstillrequiredwithrespectto.Fourstages1.1.ProblemformulationwhichtopicorfieldisbeingProblemformulationwhichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?examinedandwhatareitscomponentissues?2
17、2.LiteraturesearchfindingmaterialsrelevanttotheLiteraturesearchfindingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredsubjectbeingexplored3.3.DataevaluationdeterminingwhichliteratureDataevaluationdeterminingwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontothemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingof
18、thetopicunderstandingofthetopic4.4.AnalysisandinterpretationdiscussingtheAnalysisandinterpretationdiscussingthefindingsfindings/ideas/ideasandconclusionsofrelevantliteratureandconclusionsofrelevantliterature文献综述的文献综述的写写作一般经过以下几个阶段:作一般经过以下几个阶段:选选题题(分析主题、学科和信息类型)(分析主题、学科和信息类型)搜集阅读文献资料搜集阅读文献资料拟定提纲(归纳、整
19、理、分析)拟定提纲(归纳、整理、分析)成成文文Twoskillsl lBesidesenlargingyourknowledgeabouttheBesidesenlargingyourknowledgeaboutthetopic,writingaliteraturereviewletsyougainandtopic,writingaliteraturereviewletsyougainanddemonstrateskillsintwoareas:demonstrateskillsintwoareas:informationseekinginformationseeking:theability
20、toscantheliterature:theabilitytoscantheliteratureefficiently,usingmanualorcomputerizedmethods,toefficiently,usingmanualorcomputerizedmethods,toidentifyasetofusefularticlesandbooksidentifyasetofusefularticlesandbooks criticalappraisalcriticalappraisal(批判性评价批判性评价批判性评价批判性评价):theabilitytoapply:theabilit
21、ytoapplyprinciplesofanalysistoidentifyunbiasedandvalidprinciplesofanalysistoidentifyunbiasedandvalid(有效的)(有效的)studies.studies.Fourtasksl lAliteraturereviewmustdothesethings:Aliteraturereviewmustdothesethings:1.1.beorganizedaroundandrelateddirectlytothebeorganizedaroundandrelateddirectlytothethesisor
22、researchquestionyouaredevelopingthesisorresearchquestionyouaredeveloping2.2.synthesizesynthesize(合成合成,整合),整合)resultsintoasummaryresultsintoasummaryofwhatisandisnotknownofwhatisandisnotknown3.3.identifyareasofcontroversyintheliteratureidentifyareasofcontroversyintheliterature4.4.formulatequestionstha
23、tneedfurtherresearchformulatequestionsthatneedfurtherresearch2025/7/12171.1.文献综述文献综述文献综述文献综述initsbroadsenseinitsbroadsense学科领域性文献综述学科领域性文献综述学科领域性文献综述学科领域性文献综述从严格意义上来说,学科领域性文献综述与“读书报告”或者“文献学习报告”更加相似,强调“综”而非“述”。这个综述的主要目的和任务是关注学科领域的轮廓,介绍学科发展的历史沿革、归纳整理主要研究流派和主要学术观点、理清热点研究方向。2025/7/1218专题性文献综述专题性文献综述专题性文
24、献综述专题性文献综述专题性文献综述比较学科领域性综述而言,在范围上要更狭窄,讨论的问题要更具体、明确。这个综述实际上是我们确定研究方向的重要标志,因此,在所关注的学科领域内选择自己感兴趣并有研究潜力的专题进行文献探讨,追踪理论前沿、发现和初步界定研究问题是本次文献综述的主要任务。uu小结:如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗“树木”,那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说,应该先确定这颗“树”,再确定“树枝”,最后才是“开枝散叶”(也就是我们的论文)。2文献综述的文献综述的不同不同分类分类l根据写作目的和内容的侧重点根据写作目的和内容的侧重点l动态性综述(develop
25、mentalreview)l成就性综述(resultreview)l争鸣性综述(contentiousreview)l按时间来划分按时间来划分l可分为回顾性综述(retrospectivereview)l前瞻性综述(prospectivereview)。l根据作者的参与情况,根据作者的参与情况,l可分为归纳性综述(inductivereview)l评论性综述(criticalreview)2025/7/12213.选题 选题来源:选题来源:选题来源:选题来源:一般来说,文献综述的选题有两种来源,一种是由导师指定,属于命题作文,另外一种是由学生在导师的研究方向下,根据自己的研究兴趣和能力自行选题
26、2025/7/12224.文献检索文献检索 检索文献的途径检索文献的途径检索文献的途径检索文献的途径l(1)图书馆数据库。l l中文数据库:中文数据库:中文数据库:中文数据库:l中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万方*等。最常用的是中国期刊网,清华学术期刊网期刊总体质量较高,但追溯时间不太长。2025/7/1223l l外文数据库外文数据库外文数据库外文数据库:EBSCO*:可追溯至1932年,经管类的文献比较全,多为权威期刊,且大多能查到全文。目前图书馆最好的经管类数据库。Proquest系列(尤其是ABI/Inform和ARL):非常好的数据库。特点是比较全面,期刊追溯时间长,但有
27、时只有题录,没有原文。Springerlink*:其特点按期刊名分类,多为SCI收录的。ElsevierScienceDirectOnLine(SDOL)(免费试用)。有全文,但追溯时间短。少数情况下,有些文献在EBSCO和Proquest系列数据库中只能查到题录,但可以在该数据库中查到全文。2025/7/1224硕博学位论文库:硕博学位论文库:万方学位论文库*清华期刊网PQDD学位论文全文检索系统CALIS镜像站UMIProQuestDigitalDissertations(PQDD)2025/7/1225l(2)INTERNETl免费学术资料库免费学术资料库:http:/ lAnAnove
28、rviewoverviewoftheofthe subject,issueortheoryundersubject,issueortheoryunderconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturereviewliteraturereviewl lDivisionDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.ofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.thoseinsupportofa
29、particularposition,thosethoseinsupportofaparticularposition,thoseagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely)entirely)l lExplanationExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersitvariesfromtheothersl lConcl
30、usionsConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingofconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheiropinions,andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaoftheunderstandi
31、nganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearchresearch2.文献综述的写作文献综述的写作l标题与作者(titleandauthor)l摘要与关键词(abstractandkeywords)l引言(introduction/overview)l述评(review)l结论(conclusion)l参考文献(references)l其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论2.1引言引言(Introduction)/前言部分前言部分l在综述的前言(或者导言、引言、介绍)部分要写清以下内容:首先要说明写作的目的、研究领域。阐述有关概念的定义。阐述本次综述的框架。引言的内容和
32、结构特点引言的内容和结构特点l两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。l提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。表定义或解释表定义或解释句型句型被定义为:isdefinedas/hasbeendefinedas所谓是指:Byismeant/Bywemean指的是:refersto包括:includes有种类型:.is/canbeclassifiedinto;Therearekindsof表现状和分歧表现状和分歧句型句型l据发现/报道/证实:Ithasbeen
33、found/reported/provedthatl依然是一个尚待解决的问题:remainsanunsolvedproblem.l第一种理论认为,而第二种理论则认为:Thefirsttheoryproposesthat,whereasthesecondtheoryproposesthatl一些文献报道;而另一些人持不同观点:Somepapershavereportedthat;however,othergroupshavedisputedthesefindings.表内容和目的表内容和目的句型句型l本综述的目的是:Thepurpose/aim/objectofthisreviewistol下面
34、本文就作一简单综述:Inthefollowing,abriefreviewisgivenof/aboutl本篇综述的目的是着重阐述:Inthisreview,weaimtohighlightl我们将回顾有关的研究:Wewillreviewpublishedstudiesonl本文主要阐述:Thisreviewfocuseson2.2述评述评(Review)/主题部分主题部分主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。p可按文献发表的年代顺序综述年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点不同的观点进行比较综述。By Chronological order,By p
35、ublication,By Trend,By Thematic Optionl不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较述评,在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。述评的内容和结构特点述评的内容和结构特点l叙述时使用一般过去时,评论时使用一般现在时或现在完成时。l分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。(1)表述观点)表述观点研究表明:Studiesshowthat据(已经)发现:Itis(hasbeen)foundthat/sb.foundthat据报道:Itis(ha
36、sbeen)reportedthat有人指出:Ithasbeenpointedoutthat业已证明:Ithasbeenproved/showedthat已观察到:Ithasbeenobservedthat(2)探讨可能性)探讨可能性可以有把握地说:Itmaybesafelysaidthat由此可见:Itcanbeseenfromthisthat有(不)可能:Itis(not)possible/probable/likelythat是合乎情理的:Itstandstoreasonthat显然:Itisobvious/clear/apparent/evidentthat目前尚无证据说明:There
37、isnoproofof2.3综述的结论综述的结论(Conclusion)l结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人意见的部分,一般有标题Conclusion或Summary,l较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有Asmentionedabove,Tosumup,Toconclude,Inshort,Inall等短语引出结论。结论的内容结论的内容l对述评的归纳、对各种问题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。l语言方面,除了使用一般现在时态外,大量使用现在完成时,以强调该研究到目前所取得的成果。l另外,表比较和评价的语言形式也是该部分的语言特点之一。2025/7/1239论文论文格式要求格式要求u摘要(小5宋体,100-300字);u关键词(小5号黑体,3-5个,分号隔开)u一、一级标题(5号黑体)u(二)二级标题(5号楷体)u正文(5号宋体u参考文献(小5号宋体)1袁庆龙,候文义Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究J太原理工大学学报,2001,32(1):51-53.u打印:A4,上下2.5,左右2.0,左侧装订u14-16周提交并答辩