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1、英国文学（1）-古英语文艺复兴Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance PeriodI. 古英语（文学）Old EnglishAnglo-Saxon, language spoken by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes 449 (the Anglo-Saxon Invasion) -1066 (the Norman Conquest)Beowulf- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons （最高成就）Ang
2、lo-Saxon ChronicleII. 中世纪英语(文学) Medieval (Middle) EnglishWith the three languages intermingling, Old English developed into Middle English 1066 - middle 14th century1. Romancethe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England（封建英国最流行的文学形式，取材于贵族，为贵族而作）2. 民间流行文学 Piers the Plowman by William Lang
3、land (written version)the Ballads (oral form)（英国民间文学最重要的一个分支）3. 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer -the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) The Canterbury Tales-the first time to use “heroic couplet” 英雄双韵体诗4. 文学术语-Alliteration；Epic; Romance; BalladIII. 文艺复兴The Renaissance - A rebirth or revival of ar
4、t, literature and science between 14th and mid 17th centuries in Europe; An intellectual movement; started in Italy1. Series of historical events:1). rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2). the religious reformation & economic expansion3).the appearance of the Authorized Version of the Engli
5、sh Bible (the King James Bible) 2. Humanism人文主义- the essence (keynote, great spirit) of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare3. The Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of the Engl
6、ish RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben JohnsonEdmund Spenser斯宾塞 - the poets poet诗人中的诗人, The Faerie Queene quality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendid imagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism6) w
7、ritten in Spenserian Stanza ( 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc)Major Characters：Arthur - who possess 12 virtues Gloriana the Fairy QueenChristopher Marlowe “University Wits”, the pioneer of English dramaMarlowes achievement:1) blan
8、k verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,” which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramatic construction.) the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies: Dr. Faustus the human
9、 passion for knowledge, power and happiness Tamburlaine a play about an ambitious and pitiless overpowering king.The Jew of Malta non-drama The Passionate Shepherd to His Love pastoral life，one of the most beautiful lyricsREADING: 1. excerpt from Dr. FaustusA play based on the German legend Content:
10、 Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call up Mephistophilis, the Devils servant. He make a bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Devils name is Lucifer.D
11、ominant moral is human rather than religious2. The Passionate Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed th
12、rough the beauty of nature.William Shakespeare playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1. historical plays: Henry , Richard Richard , Henry , Henry , King John 2. Comedies: Four great comedies-A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, As You Li
13、ke It（皆大欢喜）3. Tragedy:Four great tragedies- Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbethromantic tragedy- Romeo and Juliet. To praise the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 4. tragicomedies：The TempestAchievement: A. exploring the characterss inner mind. soliloquy or monologue - full
14、y reveal the inner conflict of the characters contrasts bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important device to create dramatic irony.D. the language. A great master of the English language, a large vocabulary
15、in his work: commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writers and used about 16000 words. Many of his coinages and expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible (in 1611, James I) are the 2 great treasuries of the Engl
16、ish language.READING： 1. Sonnet 18 Sonnet 18 eternal or immortal（不朽的） beauty, have a faith in the permanence of poetry.A nice summers day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between
17、 Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable（不知足的） greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock m
18、ake a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands
19、 and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he law of Venice.3Excerpt from HamletHamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（复杂的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger content: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-wear
20、iness（厌世） occasioned by his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage with Claudius, his fathers brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his fathers throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge. Note: To be, or not to be - to live on
21、in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionFrancis Bacon philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enri
22、ching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） and cadence（韵律）.The Advancement of Learning mans understanding consists of three parts: history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.Novum Organum written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the ind
23、uctive reasoning归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general) in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of StudiesOf Studies uses and benefits of study studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability
24、. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - rea
25、ding maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.文学术语Sonneta poem of 14 lines in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme scheme1. Italian form: octave, sestet; abba abba cde cde2. English or Shakespearean form: 3 quatrains and one couplet; abab cdcd efef ggBlank verse (无韵体)unrhy
26、med iambic pentameter, literary form masterly handled by Shakespeare and MiltonI. Choose the right answer:1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _legend of a magician aspiring for _ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A.British/ immoralityB.French/moneyC.Ge
27、rman/knowledgeD.American/political powerAnswer: C2. _, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Wifes Complaint B.BeowulfC.The Dream of the RoodD.The SeafarerAnswer: B 3.Its Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literatur
28、e, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece_.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Legend of Good WomenC.Troilus and CriseydeD. The Romaunt of the Rose.Answer: A 4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_.A. Geographical e
29、xplorationB. Religious reformationC. Publishing and translationD. Humanism.Answer: D 5. “Prince Arthurs greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.”The two figures come from_.A.Paradise Lost B.Dr. FaustusC.The Faerie QueeneD.HamletAnswer: C 6.
30、In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare_.A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry.B.Satirize humans vanity.C.Predict the eternity of love.D.Eulogize the power of the beauty.Answer: A 7. _ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines” and make blank verse the principle
31、 vehicle of expression in drama.A.Surrey B.WyattC.MarloweD.SidneyAnswer: C8. Shakespeares greatest tragedies are the following works except_.A.HamletB.King LearC.Romeo and JulietD.OthelloAnswer: C9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th-mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen_and absol
32、ute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the “real mainstream ” was _.A.Victoria/poetry B.Elizabeth/ dramaC.Mary/ novelD.James/ dramaAnswer: B10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called lat
33、er_.A.The Spenserian stanzaB.The heroic coupletC.The blank verseD.The free verseAnswer: B 11. The Redcrosse Knight in “The Faerie Queene” stands for_, and Una stands for_.A.bravery/ chastityB.holiness/ truthC.error/ delivery D.true gentleman/ lady. Answer: B12. Which of the following is NOT regarded
34、 as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C.Exaltation of mans pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of mans foibles.D.Praise of mans efforts in soul delivery and personal sa
35、lvation.Answer: D 13. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” is an example of _.A.MetaphorB.SimileC.IronyD.PersonificationAnswer: A14. _ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Greeks/ RomansD.Romans/ NormansAnswer: B 15. It is _ alone who, for t
36、he first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A.Edmund SpenserB.Geoffrey ChaucerC.William ShakespeareD.John DonneAnswer: B16. The following belong to the
37、characteristics of metaphysical poetry represented by John Donne except_.A.ConceitsB.Actual imagery and simple dictionC.Argumentative formD.Elegant styleAnswer: D17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from_.A.Greek MythologyB.Roman legendC.The Old TestamentD.The New TestamentAnswer: C 18. In “P
38、aradise Lost”, Satan says “We may with more successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe” What does the “Eternal war” mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven DownC.To corrupt Gods creation of man and woman-Adam and EveD.To beguile
39、 into a snake to threaten mans lifeAnswer: C19. _, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeares most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death.A.The Merchant of Venice B.HamletC.K
40、ing LearD.The Winters TaleAnswer: B 20. It was _and _ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Romans/ NormansD.Greeks/ RomansAnswer: B 21. Paradise Lost is _s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written
41、in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against Gods authority.A.John DonneB.Christopher MarloweC.John MiltonD.Edmund SpenserAnswer: C 22. The following description fit into Milton except_.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylis
42、t and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine style.Answer: D 23. _is not written by John Milton.A.Samson AgonistesB.Paradise LostC.Paradise regainedD.TamburlaineAnswer: D24. Marlows greatest achievement is that he perfected the blank verse, and he is regarded as the pioneer of English d
43、rama, which of the following is not written by him?A.TamburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Passionate to His LoveD.The Sun RisingAnswer: D 25. _Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A.John
44、Miltons B.Francis Bacons C.MontaignesD.Thomas GraysAnswer: B 26. _Was known as “the poets poet”.A.William ShakespeareB.Edmund SpenserC.John DonneD.John MiltonAnswer: B 27. “And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leav
45、es of myrtle.” The above lines are probably taken from_.A.Spensers The Faerie Queene B.John Donnes The Sun RisingC.Shakespeares Sonnet 18D.Marlows The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Answer: D 28. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeares Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eul
46、ogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on mans salvation. Answer: C II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1.“For herein Fortune shows herself more kindThan is her custom. It is still her
47、 useTo let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which lingring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off” 1.Identify the title of the works and author.2.Explain “from whichcut me off”.3.What happened to him, which caused the words?The lines are from “The Merchant of Venice”, William Shake