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1、 学 案 第 一 讲 冠 词 口诀: 冠词分为定冠、不定冠，不定冠词a和an，“”的含义表泛指 表示特指要用the，次序、方位、最高级 世上物体独一个，人或事物再次提 以下情况冠词免，学科球类三顿饭 名词复数表泛指，季节星期月份前 不定冠词a/an的用法:不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音开头的词前，an用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。一般情况下，开头字母是a、e、f、h、j、l、m、n、o、r、s、x前用不定冠词an。 1.在可数名词单数形式前表示一:There is a tiger in the zoo.动物园里有一只老虎。2.
2、表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous.老虎可能有危害性。3. 表示某一个的意思A gentleman wants to see you.有一位先生要见你。4. 表示同一的意思They are nearly of an age.他们几乎同岁。5. 表示每一的意思We go swimming four times a week.我们每周去游泳四次。6. 在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业My mother is a teacher.我妈是教师。7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个Long long ago there was an old king
3、who had a very beautiful daughter.很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。8. 在英国英语中，以h开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用anThere is a/an hotel near here.这附近有一家旅馆。9. 在such a，quite a句式中He is quite a good actor.他是一个相当好的演员。 Dont be in such a hurry.不要如此匆忙。 10.在感叹句 what.的句式What a pretty girl she is!她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！11.用在某些表示数量的词组中：a
4、 lot of 许多， a couple of 一对， a great many 很多，a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）， a great deal of 大量 定冠词the的用法： 1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物This is the house where Luxun once lived.(这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。)2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物Open the door, please.(请把门打开)3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）Once there lived a lion in the
5、forest. Every day the lion asked small animals tolook for food for him.(从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物）。4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前January is the first month of the year.（一月份是一年当中的第一个月）。5. 表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长
6、城 the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国7. 表示方向、方位in the east 在东方，in the west 在西方，in the front 在前面 ，at the back 在后面，in the bottom 在底部， at the top 在顶部，on the right 在右边， on the left 在左边。8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Str
7、aits 台湾海峡9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人The Bakers came to see me yesterday.（贝克一家人昨天来看我）。10. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物the poor 穷人，the rich 富人，the sick 病人，the wounded 伤员，the good 好人， the beautiful 美丽的事物。11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class 工人阶级，the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党12. 用在the very强调句中This is the very book I
8、 want.（这就是我想要的那本书）。13. 在the more, the more比较级的句式中The more you drink, the more you like it.（你越喝就越爱喝）。14. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the如：play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴 。但中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play an erhu(二胡)15. 某些固定的表达法in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影go to the thea
9、tre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头on the way to 前往.去的路上16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal.(马是一种有用的动物)。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法:A horse is a useful animal ; Horses are useful animals.17.在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸be red in the
10、 face 脸红 be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸等结构中名词前要用the 零冠词的用法:1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词China 中国 Europe 欧洲Lei Feng 雷锋 William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚 2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词January 一月份 Sunday 星期日Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksgiving 感恩节National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节比较： .on a Sunday morning.在一个星期天的早晨. （表示某一个。）注:民族节日前要加the 如:the Spring
11、Festival3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词I have lunch at school. Summer is the best season for swimming.比较I had a big lunch yesterday.昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。（表示某一个）The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。（表示特指）比较I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.我永远不会忘记我们一起在 夏威夷度过的那个夏天。（表示特指）4. 进行球类运动play bask
12、etball打篮球 play volleyball 打排球play football 踢足球5. 没有特指的物质名词This cart is made of wood.比较The wood outside was all wet.外面的那些木头都湿了。（表示特指） 6. 没有特指的不可数抽象名词Time is precious.时间是宝贵的。比较The time of the play was 1990s.这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代（特指）7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后I like tomatoes.我喜欢西红柿。8. 山峰Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰9. 固定词
13、组go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院at school 求学 in school 求学at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上at midnight 在半夜 in town 在城里10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词A boy came in, book in hand.一个男孩进来，手上拿着书。11. 泛指人类Man is mortal.人必有一死。12. 在kind of名词 sort of名词句式中What kind of flower is
14、 it?这是什么花 I like this sort of book.我喜欢这种书。13. 指职位、头衔的词，如king，captain，president，chairman 等。He is (the) captain of the team.他是球队的队长。As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open.作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。冠词和三餐的搭配:三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词;三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外：We have breakfast at eight我们8点钟吃早饭。He gave us a
15、 good breakfast他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。I was invited to dinner他们邀请我吃饭。I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。The Scots have porridge for breakfast苏格兰人早餐吃粥。The wedding breakfast was held in her fathers house婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。专题练习:1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let
16、 her have _ bed. a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the2.He has promised to give up _ hundreds of times. a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos3._ usually go to church every Sunday. a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns4. The train is ru
17、nning fifty miles _. a. an hour b. one hour c. the hour d. a hour5. He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good _. a. at the flute(笛子) b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute6. The investigators（调查者） found that more should be done for _ in India. a. those poor b. a poor c. po
18、or d. the poor7. You look in high spirit. You must have _ during your holiday. a. wonderful time b. a wonderful time c. the wonderful time d. some wonderful time 8. The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because _ traffic there was so heavy. a. a b. an c. the d. one9. A new teacher was
19、 sent to the village in place of _ one who had retired.a. a b. the c. an d. its 10. Virtue and vice are before you;_ leads you to happiness,_ to misery. a. the formerlatter b. a formera latter c. the formerthe latter d. formerlatter11.The children in the kindergarden soon took _ to their teachers.a.
20、 quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy（想像） d. the quite fancy12._ tend to bemoan（悲叹）the lack of character in the young generation.a. The old b. Old c. Elderly d. Older13. A man suffering from a chock should be given _.a. hot sweet tea b. a hot sweet tea c. the hot sweet tea d. one hot sweet
21、tea14.He answered my questions with _ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.a. his accuracy b. a accuracy（准确） c. the accuracy d. an accuracy15. If you go by train you can have quite _ comfortable journey.a.the b. one c. a d. that16. Were going to _ with _ today, arent we? a. the teathe Smiths
22、b. teathose Smiths c. a teaa Smith d. teathe Smiths17. I want an assistant with _ knowledge of French and _ experience of office routine.a.thethe b. athe c. aan d. thean18. Anns habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and _ they took her to the co
23、urt.a. in the end b. at the end c. in an end d. in end19. It is reported that today _ president will have lunch with _ President Omon.a. thethe b. aa c. the/ d. /20. Tianan Men Square and _ Great Wall are two of the places everyone should see in _ Peoples Republic of China.a. thethe b. / c. the/ d.
24、/the 第二讲 谓 语 动 词 语 态 和 时 态谓语动词的时态和语态以及人称和数是谓语动词的三大特征。动词语态分为主动和被动两种。1.主动语态的形式和意义：主动语态句子结构是：施动者作主语+谓语动词 do，表示“某人某物做”。2.被动语态句子结构是：受动者作主语+谓语动词 be done，表示“某人某物被”。不及物动词是没有被动语态的。被动语态中的 be 在不同时态中形式不同。2.陈述语气的谓语动词时态的形式和意义：1) 一般现在时态(1) 形式： 主动：肯定：动词原形或动词原形+s/es；be (三单 is，一单 am，其余人称和数 are)+表语。 否定和疑问式：用助动词 do(第三人
25、称单数为 does) 或连系动词 be 帮助构成。We live here.Do you live here?We dont live here.Where is she?Is she in?She isnt in. 被动：is / am / are+动词-ed 分词。(2) 意义：表示不受时间限制的永恒客观存在或客观规律。Nothing travels faster than light.Knowledge derives from practice.包括当前一定时间段内比较稳定的状态或习惯，常与every day, always 等频度状语连用。John always wakes up a
26、t six.Father doesnt smoke as much as before.表示说话时的状态，一般用于状态动词(不能用现在进行时态)。It concerns everybody. 它关系到所有人。She loves this music.表示将来时间：A.按时间表将要发生的动作或事态(不强调是主语的意图，指照时间计划执行)。The train leaves for Shanghai at ten p.m. tonight.(火车时刻表规定)这趟火车今晚十点开往上 海。We start next week.(时间计划安排好了)我们下周动身。B.用在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来。如：
27、We will go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes.If it is fine tomorrow, we will have the football match.2) 现在进行时态：(1) 形式：主动：肯定 is / am / are +doing；否定疑问略。被动：肯定 is / am / are +being +done；否定疑问略。(2)意义： 表示说话时正在进行的动作。可用时间状语 now, at the moment 等。What are you doing? Im writing a letter
28、. 表示现阶段正进行而说话时刻不一定进行的动作。He is teaching physics this term. 表示按计划、安排很快就会发生的动作，通常要与将来时间状语连用，以示和正在发生 的动作的区别。如：He is washing the dishes later. = He is going to wash但：We are going/coming to Shanghai tomorrow.不能说 Were going to go / come toShanghai 含有感情色彩的叙述一个经常发生的行为，常和 continually, constantly, forever, alw
29、ays等状语连用。John is always asking me some stupid questions.(恼火) 而 John always asks me some stupid questions.(客观事实)3) 现在完成时态：(1) 形式： 主动：肯定式：have / has(三单) + done 被动：肯定式：have/ has been +done(2) 意义：现在完成时态是和现在有关的时态。 已完成用法：表示发生在过去的动作行为对现在造成的影响或结果。这种用法多用于瞬 间性动词。它不关注此动作过去发生的细节（时间、地点、方式、环境等），关注的是现在 的情况，因此不能与和具
30、体过去时间短语(yesterday, last week, ago, then, at that moment, inthe past 等)连用，但可以和以下时间状语连用：A.模糊的过去时间，它们和现在结果有关。如：just(刚刚已经), already, yet , recently 和 lately。Have you eaten yet? (= Are you hungry?)Hes just turned off the light.(= The light is off now.)B.表示现在或说话时还未结束的时段，如：now, this morning / afternoon, to
31、night, today, since+过去时点, so far 等。(但如果 this mornig / afternoon / evening 说话时已经过去，就不 能用现在完成时，而要用一般过去时。)Has he come this morning? 到现在为止的早晨这段时间他来了没有？Ive had many falls since I began to ride a bike.(现在结果：我还在骑车。到现在已经摔过很 多次了。) 未完成用法：过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作/状态，可能还要延续，也可能刚刚结 束。注意点：A.要用延续性动词，但否定可以用瞬间性动词。B.要用表示延续到现
32、在的时间段状语，如：for+时段(有时不表示延续到现在的时段，则不 能用现在完成时)，since+过去时点，so far, until / till now, up to now, during / for / in / over+ the past / last / recent +时段。如：Where have you been?have waited here since 8 a.m. (wait 动作刚刚结束。)Look at the busy cleaners! Theyve worked in the wind for quite a few hours.(work 动作还要 延续
33、)Ive taught English in this school for / during / in / over the past / last / recent 10 years.4)现在完成进行时态：(1)形式：主动 have / has been doing。无被动。(2)意义：过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作/状态，可能还要延续，也可能刚刚结束。意 义和现在完成时态的未完成用法相似，但可不和延续到现在的时段短语连用。注意点：很多延续性动词用于现完和现在完成进行时态含义一样，都表示不停的持续到现在(一种 “实线式”延续)，如 expect，hope，learn，lie，live，l
34、ook，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand， stay，study，teach，wait，want，work 等。但延续动词中的状态动词不能用于进行和完成进行时态，如 be，have (拥有), own, belong to, know, understand, believe, love, like, concern(关系到)等，所以这些动词只能用于现在完成时表示持续到现在。Ive had this for years. 不能说 Ive been having this for years.Shes always believed in God. 不能说 Shes alway
35、s been believing in God. Ive been waiting (since 9 a.m.) = Ive waited since 瞬间性动词用于现在完成进行时表示“虚线式”延续含义，即一次一次的反复发生到现 在。而它们用于现在完成时则表示过去的一次性动作对现在造成的影响或者到现在做了好多 次或好多量了。Hes been jumping onto and off the table (for half a hour). 他跳上桌子又跳下来，这样一直跳 (了半小时了)。但：Hes jumped onto the table (many times).他已经跳上了桌子（现在的结
36、果 是：他在桌子上）。/ 他已经跳上桌子很多次了。 还有些动词在现在完成时中是瞬间含义，在现在完成进行时中是延续含义，如：do, read, write, paint, build 等。Shes been painting the wall.她一直刷墙来着。Shes painted the wall.她已经刷了那面墙。5)一般过去时态：(1)形式：主动：肯定式使用动词的一般过去式构成。否定和疑问用助动词 did 或连系动词 was(一 三单)/ were 帮助构成。被动：was / were done。(2)意义：过去发生过的行为或存在过的状态，只关注过去，不暗示现在还是否有此行为或 状态。大
37、多表示此行为或状态已不再存在。可以和具体过去时点或不延续到现在的时段连用，如 yesterday, last week, ago, then, at that moment, in the past, for+时段, that night /morning, those days / years, this morning/morning(表示已经过去的时段时)等。如：A: Have you eaten yet? B: Yes, I have. I ate an hour ago.I lived in Guangzhou for five years. 我在广州住过五年。现在住哪里不知道。I
38、have lived / been living in Guangzhou for five years. 我在广州住了五年了。现在还住在广 州(或就要搬了)。6)过去进行时态：(1)主动形式和现在进行时态类似，只是 be 的形式为 was / were。被动为 was / were being done。(2)意义：和现在进行时完全对应，只是往过去推一步。7)过去完成时态：(1)主动形式为 had done；被动形式为 had been done(2)意义：和现在完成时态类似，只是往过去推一步。 使用过去完成时的关键是：要有一个更晚的时间点(一个时间状语或一个过去时动作)和那个过去完成时态动
39、作或状态对比存在。已完成用法：过去 A 点之前就已经发生的行为 B，对 A 点造成影响或结果。行为 B 就用 过去完成时态。多用瞬间性动词。They had finished the job when I got there.We had had lunch by twelve oclockyesterday.但是相继发生的过去动作用表示承接关系的连词连接，都用一般过去时。She went to the baby and undressed him. She went to the baby, undressed him and puthim in bed.另外，表示两个几乎同时发生的瞬间动作
40、的分句用表示“一就”的连词 when/ the moment(minute) / as soon as 连接起来，两个动作也都用一般过去时。When he opened the door, the bird flew out. 他开门的时候，鸟飞了出去。 如果要强调两个动作之间的时间差，先发生的就用过去完成时。如：When he had opened the door, the bird flew out. 他把门打开之后，鸟飞了出去。这里的 when= after。未完成用法：一个动作行为 B 在过去 A 点之前就开始一直持续到 A 点，还要继续持续或 刚刚结束。行为 B 就用过去完成时态。
41、要用持续性动词，并且和表示持续到过去某点的时段 状语连用，如：by+过去时点，since+过去时点；(un)til then, up to then, for+时段等。如：Bysix oclock they had worked for five hours. They had known each other for eight years when they got married.8)过去完成进行时态：类似于现在完成进行时态，只是往过去推一步。9)将来表达法：(1)形式：主动 1) will do2) is / am / are going to do3) is / am / are d
42、oing4) will be doing5) is / am / are to do6) is / am / are (just) about to do7) do / does(2)意义：will dowill 可以作情态助动词表示坚决的意志、意愿等，也可以作时态助动词表示未来会发生的 事情。这里讨论的是后者。前者会在情态助动词章节处理。A.表示说话时才做出的临时决定，多用于对别人的话或周围环境做出的反应。Tom: The phone is ringing.Lucy: Ill go and answer it.B.表示说话人根据自己的主观经验或知识对将来的客观事情的预测。Take this
43、medicine and you will get better soon.is / am / are going to doA.表示说话之前经过考虑的意图，如：从下面语境看得出，明显说话前就已经做了准备。Ive bought some bricks. Im going to build a house.B.表示说话时已有迹象表明某客观事情会很快发生。如：Noticing the photocopy(复印)machine working very slowly, John knows that its going to take a long time to photocopy allthe
44、documents. is / am / are doing表示按计划，安排很近的将来会发生某事。如：I am meeting Tom tonight. Hes takingme to the theatre.今晚我要见 Tom。他要带我去看戏。(和 Tom 已经安排约好见面和他带我 去看戏。)will be doingA.在将来某一时点或某一时段会正在发生的事情，即所谓将来进行时。What will you be doing at 8 a.m. tomorrow morning?B.纯粹客观的谈将来会发生的事情。不含主语的意图。如：Ill be seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天
45、我会见到 Tom. (意指“我们会参加同一个会议或我们在一 个办公室上班，所以会发生明天我见到 Tom 的客观事情。)Tom wont be cutting grass (because he is ill or he has another job to do). Tom 不会割草(不是 不愿意而是他生病了或者他有另外的工作要做)。 is / am / are to doA.传达第三方的命令或指示(主语的责任或义务)。如：No one is to leave the room without the permission of the police.B.计划安排。如：They are to get married next week. 预定他们下周结婚。 is / am / are (just) about to do = is / am / are on the point of sth / doing sth表示即刻就要发生的事情。I am about