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1、说明：1.标准版是指，由于考研英语自2005年已经改革，原有的一些题型，如单项选择、改错等已经不再考，所以与现有题型不一样的全部删去。2.所以试题均来源与网络3.之所以选择19901997，是因为1998年及以后的，市场上都可以买到，故不再整理范围内。而1990年之前的，个人觉得太遥远了，所以亦不在整理范围之类。4.如有疑问，请联系：8061212661990年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Text 1In May 1989, space shuttle Atlantis released in outer space the space probe Megallan, which
2、is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. A new phase in space exploration has begun.The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earths size. Venus has a similar density, so it is pro
3、bably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of earths twin.The surface temperature of Venus reaches some
4、 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earths: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Water is all but nonexistent.Born with so many fundamen
5、tal similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. It has no earths oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatl
6、y simplified. In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace.16. Venus is similar to Earth in _.A size and densityB distance from the sunC having atmosphereD all of the above17.
7、The greatest value in studying Venus should be to _.A allow us to visit thereB understand Earth betterC find a new source of energyD promote a new space program18. The main idea of this passage is about _.A problems of space travelB scientific methods in space explorationC the importance of Venus to
8、 EarthD conditions on VenusText 2Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Romes main avenues. Italys political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a pa
9、rading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence. So far, act
10、ion to improve womens opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining. But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough, says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.Women,
11、who constitute 52 per cent of Italys population, today represent only 35 per cent of Italys total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. However, their presence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the publi
12、c administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. More and more women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employmen
13、t. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman.Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers,
14、engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes are immediately visible. For example, women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police, railway workers and street cleaner.However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progr
15、ess has been made. A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.19. The expression snake through central Rome probably means to move _A quietly through central Rome.B violently through central Rome.C in a long winding line through central Rome.D at a leisurely pace through central
16、 Rome.20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A There are more women than men in Italy.B In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services.C In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment.D In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.21. About 200,000 women in Rome dem
17、onstrated for _.A more job opportunitiesB a greater variety of jobsC equal job, equal payD both A and B22. The best title for this passage would be _.A The Role of Women is SocietyB Women Demonstrate for Equality in EmploymentC Women as Self-employed ProfessionalsD Women and the Jobs MarketText 3The
18、 old idea that talented children burn themselves out in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.To find this out
19、, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives
20、.About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who ha
21、d remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher amon
22、g the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.23. The old idea that talented children burn themselves out in the early years is _.A
23、true in all sensesB refuted by the authorC medically provenD a belief of the author24. The survey of bright children was made to _.A find out what had happened to talented children when they became adultsB prove that talented children burn themselves out in the early yearsC discover the percentage o
24、f those mentally ill among the giftedD prove that talented children never burn themselves out25. Intelligence tests showed that _.A bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthyB between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligenceC talented children were most likely
25、to become gifted adultsD when talented children grew into adults, they made low scoresSection III Close TestNo one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have been written _26_ the future. But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist
26、 in the fullest _27_ of the word. In his fantastic novels A Trip to the Moon and 80 Days Around the World, he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter. These novels still have a great attraction _28_ young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.
27、Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a _29_ writer.In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.Television will provide information on prices at the _30_ shops as well as news and entertainment. Vi
28、deophones will bring pictures as well as _31_ to telephone conversations.Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening.Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.At work, robots will take _32_ most jobs in the manufacturing industries.
29、Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age.Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. More people
30、will eat out in restaurants _33_ they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a _34_ part of peoples diets.Foreign travel will _35_; winter holidays will become more popu
31、lar than summer ones.Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper. Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.26. A inB ofC aboutD for27. A senseB meaningC detailD implication28. A forB ofC onD towards29. A todayB n
32、owadaysC present-dayD present30. A nearB nearbyC nearlyD nearer31. A noiseB soundC toneD tune32. A toB awayC offD over33. A thanB asC whenD while34. A usualB popularC dailyD regular35. A addB increaseC raiseD ariseSection VII English-Chinese TranslationPeople have wondered for a long time how their
33、personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certai
34、n characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture.(62)
35、Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme
36、, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the nurture theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our
37、 biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavi
38、or.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They dont believe that factors i
39、n the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whic
40、h develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some nature pro
41、ponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these th
42、eories can yet fully explain human behavior.1990年考研英语真题答案Section II: Reading Comprehension (20 points)16. D 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. B21. D 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. CSection III: Cloze Test (10 points)26. C 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B31. B 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. BSection VII: English-Chinese Translation (20 po
43、ints)61. 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。62. 在这场争论中，赞成天性一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。63. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。64. 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。65. 支持天性论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。66. 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。67. 在美国，黑
44、人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。68. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。1991年英语试题及答案Text 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I st
45、ruggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person
46、 is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together - honesty, kindness, and so on - accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law - and, ultimately, no society.My job as
47、a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities - smaller towns, usually - where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated - they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especi