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1、INTRODUCTIONThis Forestry Practice Guide supports the UK Forestry Standard, the various guidelines and other advisory material produced by the Forestry Commission. Its purpose is to help owners and managers of plantations, forests and woods that are approaching the felling stage to take advantage of
2、 the opportunities this presents to make any necessary improvement to the diversity and appearance of the area in balance with other, more functional or economic objectives. It is a straightforward, step-by-step guide as to how to go about this task, referred to here as forest design planning, withi
3、n the wider framework of environmental and operational planning.本林业实践指南支持英国林业标准、其他指南以及由林业咨询委员会编写的各种材料。其目的是帮助人工林、森林和接近砍伐期的林木的经营者或经理，以改善林区的生物多样性和森林景观，并发挥森林的多功能和实现其经济目标。本指南就如何着手这项工作作出简单的一步一步的指导，而这种指导在这里可以理解为在大框架的环境下运作的森林设计规划。The forest itself is the environment. The forest is not only the trees, but al
4、so the understorey, the ground vegetation, the open spaces, soils, rocks and water, all of which are integral parts. Any action taken concerning the arboreal component of the forest the trees is not just of environmental consequence: it is in itself an environmental act. Silvicultural planning, prod
5、uction planning, road planning and recreation planning are all, therefore, aspects of planning the forest environment as much as landscape and nature conservation planning.森林本身就是环境。森林不仅仅包括树木，还包括林下层、地表植被、空旷地、土壤、岩石和水，所有的这些都是森林不可或缺的组成部分。采取的任何跟森林有关的行动，包括森林它本身就是一种环境行为。因此，所有的造林规划、生产规划、道路规划和游憩区规划与景观保护和自然保护
6、同等重要。The requirement for planning is quite simply to achieve an understanding of the consequences of an action before embarking on that action. It has been described as both the launching point for the future and the process of learning from the past. Embarking on any action, whether it be felling t
7、rees or creating a wildlife or failing to achieve ones objectives. This is true where there is a single management objective. It is even more true where there are multiple objectives. An action aimed at furthering only one of these will almost certainly affect the optimize if decisions are taken wit
8、hout proper information and planning. The UK Government has a firm policy for increasing the many diverse benefits that forests can provide. The aim is to create attractive and productive forests, which blend with the landscape, are rich in wildlife and are efficient to manage. How this is achieved
9、and what is appropriate in individual circumstances depends on local conditions and priorities. Proper long-term planning needs to take account of all the relevant issues and produce an integrated solution. Compiling a plan requires clear thinking and logical action. 规划的要求很简单，就是在采取任何行动之前对此行动的后果进行思考，
10、这可以理解为总结过去的经验和考虑未来的行为后果。采取任何行动时，无论是为了砍伐树木，或者创造一种野生动物，即使没有达到目标，都可以肯定定一个单一或者多重的管理目标的做法。如果采取缺乏正确的信息和规划的决定，那么至少有一个旨在推动日后发展的因素会影响到结果的最优化。英国政府为增加森林带来的多种利益，已出台坚定的政策，其目的是创造具有吸引力和富有成效的森林，拥有野生动植物丰富和高效管理的景观。至于如何实现和在个别情况下采取怎么样的行动才是恰当的，则取决于当地的条件和优先次序。合理的长远规划需要考虑到所有相关因素和提供一个综合的解决方案。因此，编制规划方案需要清晰的思维和理性的思考。The plan
11、ning process in forest management is all the more critical because the consequences of actions may be a long way in the future. It is important to remember that every action that we take today will affect the options open to future generations. It is equally important to remember that to take no act
12、ion, whether a conscious decision or through neglect or procrastination, will also affect the options open to future generations. The planning process must not, in itself, become a barrier to action. Finally the type of plan should be appropriate to the scale of the work envisaged and its purpose. 因
13、为行动的后果都可能会影响到将来，因此在森林经营中的规划过程显得更为之重要。强调的是，我们今天采取的任何行动都会影响到我们子孙后代得选择，同时，无论是有意识的决定还是有误忽视或拖延而不采取任何行动，也将影响到今后几代人的选择机会。而规划过程本身不能成为一个阻碍的行动。最后，规划类型应适合工作对象的规模及满足其规划目的。Application of this Guide to Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰的应用This guide has been written primarily for use in Great Britain. However, many of the pri
14、nciples may also be applied to forests elsewhere. Accordingly, where the context permits, the guide may also be a help to woodland owners and managers in meeting the requirements of the UK Forestry Standard in Northern Ireland.本指南主要针对英国林业编写，但是其中的很多原则也同样适用于其他地区的森林。相应地，如果指南在北爱尔兰适用，也可能帮助当地林场主和森林管理人员，使其
15、经营的森林达到英国林业标准。The Policy Background 政策背景The Government has adopted certain criteria and standards for the sustainable management of our forests and woodlands and these are set out in the UK Forestry Standard. Forest Design Planning is the process which ensures that plans for change in the structure
16、of existing woods, or the creation of new ones, will meet the requirements of the Standard. The process takes into account the physical, biological, human and cultural resources described in the Standard. The results should therefore conform both to the Standard and to internationally agreed Pan-Eur
17、opean Criteria (PEC) for sustainable forest management with which it is compatible. 英国政府已经通过了若干个准则和标准，以保护森林、有林地和受英国林业标准保护的对象。确保林业规划设计的整个过程都符合标准的要求，包括计划中改变现有的或建造新的森林结构。过程中要考虑到标准中提及的物理、生物、人和文化等各方面因素。结果应该既要符合该标准，也要符合国际商定的泛欧洲标准（PEC）的关于森林可持续经营的要求。RELATIONSHIP OF BASIC RESOURCES TO THE PAN-EUROPEAN CRITER
18、IA泛欧洲标准的基础资源间的关系Physical resources物理资源Soils, water, air土壤，水，空气Without proper care of these resources none of the biological or human activity associated with forests are likely to meet the PEC.如果这些资源没有得到合理保护，就没有依附在符合PEC标准的森林的生物（包括人类）活动。Biological resources生物资源Trees, biological diversity树木，生物多样性Fores
19、t ecosystems are complex and involve interactions between trees and other living things in and around them. Again, proper care and management of these living resources is required to meet the PEC.森林生态系统是复杂的，涉及到树木及其与周边其他生物之间的相互作用，再次说明，适当的保护和这些生物资源的管理必须符合PEC的要求。Human resources人力资源Workforce, communitie
20、s劳动力，社区All the PEC depend on work being carried out competently and safely. The maintenance of other socio-economic functions and conditions acknowledges the need to take account of social interactions among all the PEC.PEC是建立在称职和安全的工作上。维持其他社会经济功能和条件，需要考虑到建立在PEC上的社会互动。Cultural resources文化资源Heritage
21、and landscapes 遗产和景观People recognize the value of artefacts and amenities found in forests. There is also a fundamental association between our culture (past and present socio-economic activity) and the landscape, where woods often play a significant role.人们认识到在森林发现的艺术品和设施的价值，还有与我们文化（包括过去和目前的社会经济活动）
22、和景观有根本关联的地方，而森林通常都会在其中发挥重要的作用。The Audience告读者This guide is intended for those people, such as forest owners and their managers or agents, who are managing existing forests or woods of mainly plantation origin and of a size which may necessitate felling and regeneration over more than one phase using
23、 more than one felling coupe. It is particularly relevant for owners who intend to draw up a long term forest plan covering phased harvesting and replanting for large forest areas or whole estates, over a period of 20 years or more. 本指南是为以下这些人所编写的，如森林所有者及森林经理或其代理，他们在管理着现有森林或林木，那些森林或林木可能是人工林的来源和需要采伐和
24、更新，超过一个以上的伐倒期。这是很重要的，特别是对于那些打算制定一个超过20年甚至更长时间的的森林经营计划（包括林木分期收获和大面积林地或者整个林地补植）的林场主。It is also expected to be used by Forestry Authority staff whose job is to evaluate and approve plans. They will be able to help and guide owners, their managers and agents as to what level of sophistication or simplic
25、ity is expected in the forest design plan for a particular forest. They will also be able to direct people to extra help by way of design assistance or training. 同时希望本书可以为林业管理局的工作人员在评估和批准森林规划的中有所帮助。一方面，他们可以帮助和指导森林所有者及其经理或代理人，以成熟或简单的方法为森林制定一个特定的规划方案；另一方面，他们还可以直接以设计援助或培训的方式得到额外的帮助。This guide will also
26、 be helpful to other people who are looking at proposals under the Woodland Grant Scheme and for felling licences, for example staff in local authorities and other agencies who have a statutory role in the consultation process. They will know what to expect in the plans presented to them and be bett
27、er able to direct their comments on the content and standard. 本指南也将有助于那些正在考虑申请林地津贴计划和获得采伐许可证的人。如地方当局和其他机构的工作人员，他们拥有在协商过程中其法定作业，能预料规划将呈现的结果，可以更好的指导其规划内容，使之符合标准。FOREST PLANNING: THE WIDER CONTEXT AND GOALS森林规划：更广泛的背景和目标 In Britain forest planning takes place at three levels: regional level, forest lev
28、el and site level.在英国森林规划共有3个层次：区域级别，林区级别和站点级别。Regional Level Plans 区域计划The main regional level plans are indicative forestry strategies intended to guide the type and amount of new planting. They do not cover felling and replanting or management of existing woods and forests. 主要的区域计划是指示林业占战略，旨在指导新的
29、种植类型和数量。这并不包括现有森林和林木的砍伐、补种或管理。It can sometimes be helpful to consider a broad scale assessment of an individual forest, wood or ownership unit in its wider context before preparing a forest/woodland level plan. Large owners or companies who manage aggregations of woods, will recognize that the preci
30、se balance of objectives, for example timber production and recreation provision, will vary from place to place. This depends on a number of factors such as the sensitivity of the forest or wood its location, access and site potential to deliver various benefits.在准备制定一份森林/林地计划前，对于在一个更大范围内，考虑评估个人森林、林
31、木或林场主单元，会大有裨益。管理混交林的大的林场主或公司会意识到精准平衡各要素的重要性，例如木材产品和空地的规定会因地而异。这取决于多种因素，例如森林或林木自身的位置、可进入性和现场条件等。Forest/Woodland Level Plans森林/林地层次的计划These apply to a whole forest or wood, a whole estate comprising several woods, or to a distinct part a landscape unit of a large forest.这些适用于整片森林及其木材，包括一些林木，或者一个独立的部分-
32、一个景观单元-一片大森林。The forest plan concerns the larger scale spatial layout of the forest, while smaller scale details are built in at the site management level. It is primarily concerned with the location and timing of tree felling, and the distribution of tree species and open apace at regeneration. The
33、se are the principal tools available to the forest manager for controlling forest structure, and hence the current and future flow of forest products, both tangible and intangible. 森林层次计划关注较大规模的森林空间布局，而较小规模的细节则在现场管理水平上规划。它主要关注的是砍伐林木的位置和时机，以及在林木种类和空地的再生上面做出贡献。这些都是森林经营的主要工具，可用来控制森林结构，包括有形和无形的当前的和未来的森林
34、产品的流动。The aim of forest design planning is to move the forest towards a condition in which it can continue indefinitely to meet its management objectives, at the same time retaining a degree of versatility and flexibility to help meet unknown future demands. Forest design planning is a particularly
35、appropriate process for the larger, more complex and more sensitive forests or woods. Some of the steps of analysis and level of detail will be unnecessary for smaller, simpler or less sensitive areas.森林规划设计的目标就是让森林走上可持续经营道路，在持续实现其经营目标的同时保留森林的通用性和灵活性，以满足未来对森林不明的需求。森林规划设计是更大、更复杂和更敏感的森林及其林木的一个特别适宜的进程，
36、而一些分析的步骤和详细程度，将会是一些更小、更简单和敏感度小的地区所不必要的。Site Level Plans现场操作计划The third level of planning is the site management plan. This has normally been the main level for operational planning and for timber sales, felling licences and restocking plans at the compartment, coupe or stand level. This is a crucial
37、 level because it controls the day-to-day a activity of the harvesting and restocking operations. A site management plan should be prepared for each felling coupe, before a chainsaw is brought near the first tree.计划的第三层面是关于现场管理的。这通常是业务规划、木材销售、申请采伐许可证和关于 购买计划的主要层次。同时，这也是很关键的层次，因为它控制日积月累的收获和进货操作活动。一个现
38、场管理计划应该考虑到砍伐任何一棵树前会不会压到其他树。The site management plan ensures that everyone involved in the harvesting and restocking operation knows what is required for that particular site. It can also be used as a basis for contract specification, to ensure that the contractors meet all their obligations regardin
39、g site protection.现场管理计划要确保在收获和购买林木的人都知道现场站点的特定需要。它也可以用来作为合同规范的基础，以确保合同双方共同承担现场保护的方面的义务。It can be seen from this that plans prepared using the process described in this guide occupy an important position, translating broad objectives into detailed site operations via the forest level assessment, analysis and design. It is too big a leap to go straight from management objectives to site operations and to expect the operation to make sense at fulfilling the requirements of sustainability.可以看出，在通过森林水平评估、分析和设计时将宏伟目标转化成现场操作的细节中，根据本指南描述的进程做好的计划举足轻重。从管理目标到现场操作，并期望运作满足可持续发展的要求，这是一个很大的飞跃。