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1、l 英语笔记 Not.until 直到才，不到不I didnt have breakfirst until 7 oclockthis morning. help sth (to) do sth. Pian to do.have tohave got togethave宾语p.p.no more/not anymore 强调在频率上不重复No longer/not anylonger 表示时间上不再延续 Make a list of 把列表或单(表) Be important to The reason for. 的原因 The reason for. 做的原因 Reason the reaso
2、n why The reason to do sth。 Hid away 躲藏 Set down记下 A series of 一系列的，一连串的 Grow(be) carzy about 对狂热 Do with 与有关l 强调句的构成It is/was +被强调部分+that(who).其它成分e.g. I met Tom in the street yesterday.It was Tom who I met yesterday. It was in the street that I met Tom in the yesterday. It was I that(who) I met To
3、m.Do with 常与what连用，表示如何处理 不用被动语态What are you doing with the feftower?Deal with 做对处理 常与how连用She knows how to deal with children.Have something to do with.Have noting to do with.Have a lot (munch) to do with. 与很大关系 There was a time 曾经有一段时间There was a time when this country was one ofthe strongest coun
4、tries in the word.To do ,so as to do,in order to表示目的In order to see it ciearly ,he put on his glassesSo as to do 只能放在句中，不放在句前I put on my glasses so as to see it clearly.Its .to do将要Its.doing习惯Take notice of=Pay attention to At the moment .目前，暂时 For a moment 一会l Although 不能引导倒装句，而though和as可引导倒装句。当tho
5、ugh引导，让步状语从句，做表语前加不定冠词Child as/though he is,he knows a lot about.直接引语和间接引语引用别人的话语一般有两种形式，一种是直接引用别人的话把它放在引号内直接引语，另一种使用自己话转述别人的话间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。I. 主语的谓语的动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语，从句的谓语动词在时态要做相应变化。直接引语 间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时 II. 指示代词，时间状语，地点状语在间接引语中的变化。 直接引语间接引语ThisThatTh
6、esethoseTodayThat dayThis morning(afternoon,eveing)That morning(afternoon,evening)yesterdayThe day beforeThe previous dayThe day before yesterdayTwo days before/earlierTomorrowThe next/follwing dayThe day after tomorrowIn two days time/two daysafterNext week/mouth/yearThe week/month/year beforeThe f
7、ollowing week/month/yearLast week/month/yearThe week/month/year beforeThe previows week/month/yearYwo weeks/months/years agoTwo weeks/months/yearsbefore NowThenComeGoMustHave toIII. 直接引语是陈述句变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that可省略)人称，时态，时间状语，地点状语作相应变化。“Ill teach me him this eveing .”she said to me. She told me tha
8、t she wouid tele phone him that eveing.Mr. Black said “I make the plan yesterday afternoon.” Mr. Black told me that he had made the plan the previous afternoon. “Im living here now.”she said. She said that she was living there then.说明：若在当地转述，here不变为there,come不变go若在当日转述yesterday,tomorrow等也不必改变 l 注意人称
9、代词变化1) 一随主若直接引语中有第一人称变间接引语时英语主句中人人称相一致2) 二随定若在直接引语中有第二人称，变间接引语时应与主句的宾语相一致3) 第三人称不更新直接引语中第三人称，变间接引语时无需变化。4.直接引语中如果疑问句变为间接引语时，要求把疑问语序变化为陈述语序，句末用句号。主语人称时态和状语也要相应变化。I. 一般疑问句：直接引语若为一般疑问句，变为间接引语时谓语动词是say或said时要改为ask或asked,原句变为由if（或whether）引导的定语从句没有间接宾语可以根据情况加上。She said , “Are you going to Beijing next wee
10、k?” She asked me if （whether） I was going to Beijng the next week .II. 特殊疑问句：若直接引语由特殊疑问句变化间接引语时，用原来的疑问词引导疑问语序变为陈述语序，人称时态地点状语作相应变化。 Mary asked, “where are you going the day after tomorrow?” Mary asked me where I was going in two days tume.III. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句用or连接。He said，“Did Tom leave today or tomorow?
11、” He asked whether Tom left that day or the day before.IV. 反义疑问句，用or not连接。 “You are reading ,arent you ?”he said to me. He asked me whether I was reading or not.V. 祈使句：直接引语若是祈使句变为ask/tell/order sb to do sth(not to do sth ) The teacher told us to start writling them, “Please dont disturb me ”he said
12、 to the boy . He told the boy not to disturb him.l 直接引语变间接引语时态不变的五种情况1. 当直接引语阐述的是一种不变的科学真理，现在的习惯性动作格言等Our geogrophy teacher told us“The sun rises in the east and sets in the west .” Our geogrophy teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west .He said ，“Nothing is too difficelt
13、if you put your heat in it .” He said that nothing is too diicult if you put your haert in it. 2. 当直接引语阐述是一个固定的过去实时。 My history teacher teach us ,“The Peoples Republice of China was found in 1949.”My history teacher toughs us that Pepples Republic of China was found in 1949.3. 当直接引语前面的谓语动词是一般现在时。He
14、says,“I have accept her suggestion 。” He says that he has accepted her suggestion .4. 如果直接引用从句中的谓语动词是虚拟语气时“How I wish it were not so cold here in winter.”said the tourist. The tourist said that how he wished it were not cold there in winter .5. 有请态动词没有过去式，当直接引语变间接引语时可以用原来的形式也可用其他形式。He said ，“You mus
15、t be very fond of music for you go to the concerts so often.”He said that I must be very fond of muise for I want to the concert so often in some way 在某种程度上，在某些方面。 in this way /by this means /with this methed 用这种方式。 all the way 至始至终 by way of 通过方式 by the way 顺便说 in the way 阻碍、妨碍 give way 让步屈服 in no
16、way 绝不 in any way 无论如何 in ones way home a kind of /all kinds of /different kinds of why not do./why dont you .? ever before 以前、从前 even if /even though 尽管、即使（引导让步状语从句，表示将来发生的事从句必须用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句用一般将来时I wont go even if he invietes me . as if (though)仿佛 好像，引导方式状语从句，从句用虚拟语气 He talks as if he were an ex
17、port. Communicate with 与交流 Be based on 以为基础 The +adj. 表示一类人 Transport 指运动这种行为，Traffic 指街上行人着重数量sthto do sth/doing sth 更喜欢做某事sth to sth 与相比更喜欢perfer doing to doing 宁愿做而不愿做to do sth rather than do sth sb to do sth 宁愿做某事that(shoud)宁愿更喜欢（应为虚拟语气） preferpreferred preferred不能用过去进行时 Keep doing 表现动作或状态的持续Kee
18、p on doing 表示动做的反复 将来时的表达法1. be+v-ing （动词主要的是位移动词） 当句子涉及不确定的计划，明确的意图和为将来安排好的活动时可用进行时表示，如come ,go ,stay,arrive ,fly,walk,ride,dtive,stat,等Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.2. will /shell+动词原形表示单纯的将来，是对未来事情的预见性。We shell /will be there by eleven.She will be back this evening .注意1）will可表示根据当时的情况，临时所做的打算Mr
19、.wang is ill in hospital.Oh Ill go and see him.2)表示单纯将来的will通常不同时间条件的让步状语。从句中，而使用一般将来是代替，if引导让步状语从句中使用will不表示将来而表示意愿Ill tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow.情态动词If you will listen to me ,Ill tell you the thurth.3）be going to + “现在的打算意图”表示在最近未来的计划意志，也表示当前或眼前主观要求做某事还表示自己的意志无关，料到最近的将来会发生某事What are
20、you going to do tonight?Im going to watch the backetball match on TV .Look ！Its going to rian .4) be +to do 预定、按计划或安排将发生某事，还可表示“命运”常用过去时描述过去的事实“可能”“义务”Youre to be back by nine OclockIn such dry whather the flowers will have to be watched if they are to save 5) be about to do “刚要做、正要做”表示非常近的将来注意不能和表示
21、时间段的时间状语连用Youd better fasten your seat belts the plane is about take af sine 主语用完成时 dream about /of sb persuadedsb to do sth/into doing sth sb not to do sth /out sth (doing sth ) Make /get sb intered in 使某人对某人感兴趣 Graduate from从毕业 Graduate in 毕业于专业 Like ,prefer,enjoy,be found of Like 指性格和习惯的爱好 I like
22、 reading newspaper . Enjoy侧重这个活动中获得乐趣He enjoys talking to me.Prefer指在两者中比较喜欢其中一个Which do you prefer tea or coffce ?Be found of 对象人或物喜爱认识已久（长期喜爱的）某物Over the year I have grown quite found of him Insited that should +动原=insited that +动原 Care about 关心、惦记 Give sb sth /give sth to sb Change ones mind 改变某人
23、主意 Be deter mind to do sth Sth 决定某事 to do sth 决心做某事 determine on/upon sth 疑问词的不定式+to do sth Sb to do sth 使某人下决心做某事 Be excited about 主语+be +adj. to do 不可数，经验 He hasnt had enough experience to do the job. n. 可数，经历阅历 experience His experience in Africa are very interesting v. 经历体验Everyone expreinence t
24、here problm in their loves Once 引导有条件意味的时间状语从句Once you understand the ruie you ill do it well At once 马上,once more再一次，once or twice一两次，once in a while偶尔有时，once upon a time 很久以前 for once就这一次，all at once 突然同时 So.that.修饰adj./adv. Such.that.修饰名词短语The boy is so clever that all off.He is such a clever boy
25、. Feel like 感觉像愿意喜欢做某事+doing Encourage sb to do sth View ,sight ,scene ,scenory View 指某一位置（如山顶等）所看到的风景You can get a good view of park from the tower. Sight 视觉、情景、风景表示情境时指一事一物的情景如火烧房屋的情景He was able to bear the sight any more .Scene 景色、景象、场面指展现眼前的景色。不即的风景为不可数名词This part was a said scene.Scenery 风景、景色为
26、和成名词不是个别的风景是由多个sence 构成的自然景色或风景This vejion is well know for its scencery Stop to do sth Stop doing sthForget to do sth 忘记去做某事（没做）Forget to doing sth 忘记做过某事（做过）Regret to do sth 对上位做过的某事表示遗憾Regret doing sth 对做过的事表示遗憾Mean to do sth 想要打算做某事Mean doing sth 意味着做某事Try to do sth 努力去做某事Try doing sth 试着做某事 For
27、 comping 做同伴、做陪伴 No matter+who/where/how/who引导让步状语从句“无论”它whoever/however/whever.引导让步状语从句，但后者还可以引导名词性从句However later her come hpme ,his wife alway wait for him come for supple.Whever comes first will be praised.Ill accept whatever you give me .No matter when .只能引导让步状语从句Ill wait for you no matter you
28、come . Go/ran like clocke work. 按计划进行u 定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句又分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 本单元主要讲述关系代词引导的限定性定语从句。如果先行词是指人的名词或代词，则用关系代词who,when,that,whose引导如果先行词是植物的名词用which,that,whose引导。The man who/that spoke at beautiul is mine . Here is the dictionary which/that will be leat to you .注意1.关系代词代替是先行词在从句
29、中充当主语宾语定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所代替的名词或代词The film which I saw yesterday is intersting .2.代词作主语时不能省略The boy who is playing football over there is Tom.3. 关系代词作宾语时可省略Where is the man (who/whom/that/)I saw yesterday.4. 关系代词that作表语时可省略She is not the girl （that） she was.(一) 关系代词的具体应用1) Who指人，在定语从句中作主语宾语表语I know
30、 about the mam who spoke to you just now.(主)The man who you are looking for is Smith (宾)2) Whom 指认，在定语从句中作宾语可省略，在口语中who代替whomThe woman whom you saw just now is our teacher .3) Whose 可修饰人，物在定语从句中作定语。This is the windows of which face south is mine .4) Which 指物在定语从句中做主语宾语（可省略）或表语China is a country whic
31、h has a long history.That book (which)you bought yesterday is very useful.5) That 可指人也可指物，在定语从句中做主语表语宾语可省The woman(that) you are looking for is his aunt.(二) 只有that 不用which引导的定语从句的几种情况1. 先行句前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best flim that has been show in theseting .Well never forget the first lesson that o
32、ur theacher give us .2. 先行词是不定代词时如all,little,fear,much,eveything,anything,none,sence等All that is worth doing should be done well.3. 先行词被all,even,one of,the only,the evey ,the right,last,just等词修饰时The only thing that she should should do was to go to the police for help.4. 先行词既指人又指物时They talked about
33、the schools and theahers they visted.5. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the man that is reading the newspaper?6. 先行词在定语从句中作to be 的表语时Tom isnt the boy that he used to be .7. 关系代词前有such或same 修饰先行词和关系代词指同一物时This is the same bike that Ilost two week age.(三) 只能用which 不能用that 的情况(一) 引导非限制性定语从句时Football,whi
34、ch is a very interesting game is played all over the word.(二) 当关系代词前有介词时This is the house in which he once lived (三) 当先行词本身就是that时 That which you told this about is what we want to know .(四) 只能用who不能用that 的情况(一) all做先行词且指人时allwho have studied the question have come to the same conclusion.(二) 先行词是tho
35、se ，且指人时。Those who want to go to the gate of the school.(三) 在there be 结构中且先行词指人时This is a young lady who ask for you .(四) 先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one ,anyone ,no one ,nobody ,anybody ,none等The students you should lean from is the one who works hard and studies well .(五) As引导定语从句1. as用作关系代词即可指人，也可以指物。在定语从句中做主语
36、、宾语或表语。常用在the one ,.as ,such.as,as.as等句中不能省略Such teacher as know Tom think him right Ill buy the same dictory as ,you have.2. as 引导非限定性定语从句时代替整个句子内容，从句可放在主语后主句中As we all know China has become a wold famous nation Luxun ,as is know to us all ,was a great writer .关系副词的用法关系副词when ,where,why引导的定语从句时，关系代
37、词具有以下几中作用1. 在定语从句中代替先行词2. 在从句中充当句子成分状语，即在从句中起到副词和介词短语的作用3. 起连接作用，它把两个句子连接起来或成为一个带在定语从句的复合句1. When表示时间在定语从句中做状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time,day,hour,year .Ill never forget the day when Ijoined the tea Part .注意：当先行词是时间的名词，即可用when引导定语从句也可用that/which引导定语从句其关键是代替先行词的引导在定语从句中的成分，若引导词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时则用that/which.Do
38、 you remember the boy that we spent to get her on the farm .2. Where表示地点，在定语从句中作状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词如plane,factory ,house,villageThe factory where his father works is the west of city 注意：当先行词为地点名词时，也可用that/which引导从句这时代替先行词的引导定语从句中做主语或宾语The science museum,that we visted during a recent to Britiain is on
39、e of Londons tower attraction.3. why表示原因在定语从句中作状语其先行词多如reason I dont know the reason why he didnt come to school yesterday.注意：若代替先行词的关系代词在定语从句中作状语而且充当主语或宾语则用that /which引导定语从句This is the reason that /which he told me yesterday.4. when,where,why引导定语从句，可用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句需要注意以下情况1) 介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词2) 介词之
40、后关系代词通常有两个which和whom3) 介词选择必须遵循两个原则：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯根据先行词的搭配习惯 on which I spent 5 yearThis is the book for which I paid 5 year from which I leant a lot about which Tom often take the day on which I pined the partyI rember the days durn which I live hereThe math in which I stay thereWhen,where,why与“介词+
41、关系代词”的替换形式a) When相当于at/in/during/on等+whichThe date on which he join the party was July 1,1984b) Where 相当于in/at/on+whichThe house in which he lived in now a libryc) Why 相当于for whichIs that the reason for which he was about from class There be 结构的就近原则There is a book ,two pans and three out book .其它状态动
42、词remain,lie,exist,live替表示位移动词arrive,come,enter,fallow,rise.There remain no life on the moon .There remain some probloms to be solved.There rise a heary somak on the root There be 结构中谓语动词还是appeat,seem,happy,以情态动词+be等There appears to be a mistake.There happened to be a three on the top of the hill The
43、re happens to be .碰巧有There seems to be .如果有There is likely to be .可能有(there may /might to be )There must be .一定有There cant be . 不可能有There is said that . 据说有There is teported to be .据报道有There used to be .过去有 Shake hands with with sb on Shake sb by the hand shake ones hand too.to （not enough to ）(so.that.)she is too short to reach the book on the shef she is not enough tell to reach the book she is so short that she cant .to shelf n 当too.to.在下列情况下表示肯定意义1. 当too 前有副词far，much或only修饰时此