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1、We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals cou
2、ld switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depress
3、ed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University
4、 School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with e
5、xperiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most-harmful factors in depression. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychol
6、ogist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains
7、, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier condition
8、ing died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1.Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _ .A . was weakenedB . was n
9、ot affectedC . was strengthenedD . was altered提交的答案:was not affected正确答案:was not affected题目详解:要点：根据第一段文章的倒数第2句 but not in those that could turn off the electricity 无助的耗子免疫力会下降之正常水平以下，而可以关掉电源的耗子则不会判断出，选项中的“was not affected”符合题意。2.According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to
10、_A . become abnormally suspiciousB . behave passively in controllable situationsC . try to control unpleasant stimuliD . turn off the electricity提交的答案:behave passively in controllable situations正确答案:behave passively in controllable situations题目详解:要点：依据第2段文章的第2句 they later behave passively when faced
11、 with experiences they can control 以后即使遇到能够控制的环境，他们的行为也是消极的判断出，选项中的“behave passively in controllable situations”切题。3.The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that_.A . it led to stomach painsB . they associated it with stomachachesC . they disliked its tasteD . it affected t
12、heir immune systems提交的答案:they associated it with stomachaches正确答案:they associated it with stomachaches题目详解:要点：依据第三段第3句Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains 因为把糖精和腹痛联系在一起判断出，选项中的“they associated it with stomachaches”符合题意。4.The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of
13、 the mice in Aders experiment was that _A . their immune systems had been altered by the mindB . they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinC . they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioningD . the sweetener was poisonous to them提交的答案:their immune systems had been altered
14、by the mind正确答案:their immune systems had been altered by the mind题目详解:要点：依据第三段第一句One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response 情绪可以改变免疫力是一个令人感到最吃惊的例子判断出，选项中的“their immune systems had been altered by the mind”切题。5.It can be concluded from the passage that the immune
15、 systems of animals_A.can be altered by electric shocksB . can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinC . can be suppressed by drug injectionsD . can be weakened by conditioning提交的答案:can be weakened by conditioning正确答案:can be weakened by conditioning题目详解:要点：根据文章的最后一句so successfully conditioned th
16、e rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them 非常成功地使耗子接受条件作用的影响，糖精就可以削弱免疫力从而导致耗子死亡判断出，选项中的“can be weakened by conditioning”符合题意。窗体顶端Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are und
17、erstood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germa
18、ny after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that Gift means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come close
19、r and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United S
20、tates, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语的) guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are
21、 rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer
22、 -who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor o
23、f needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world af
24、fairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably _ .A . step forwardB . draw backC . stand stillD . jump aside提交的答案:d
25、raw back正确答案:draw back题目详解:要点：根据第2段文章最后一句中的which makes Americans uncomfortable 外国的风俗习惯会使美国人感到不自然暗示着美国人可能因此而退后的，因为美国人习惯保持at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others的距离，判断出与选项中的“draw back”含义相符。2.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _.A . cultural self-centerednessB .
26、indifference towards foreign visitorsC . arrogance towards other culturesD . casual manners提交的答案:cultural self-centeredness正确答案:cultural self-centeredness题目详解:要点：依据文章第一段第一句中的 to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures 文化上的因素使美国人认为：不仅他们的语言是通用的而且姿态也是可以被人理解的，判断选项中的“cultural
27、 self-centeredness”符合题意。3.In countries other than their own most Americans _ .A . are isolated by the local peopleB . are not well informed due to the language barrierC . tend to get along well with the nativesD . need interpreters in hotels and restaurants提交的答案:are not well informed due to the lang
28、uage barrier正确答案:are not well informed due to the language barrier题目详解:要点：依据文章第五段中的 Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters 商业上的交易活动、国家的外交活动等都靠翻译来完成判断选项中的“are not well informed due to the language barrier”符合题意。4.According to the author, Americans c
29、ultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will_.A . cut themselves off from the outside worldB . limit their role in world affairsC . affect their image in the new eraD . weaken the position of the US dollar提交的答案:limit their role in world affairs正确答案:limit their role in world affairs题目详解:要点：根据文章第三段
30、第一句中的Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness. are losing us friends, business and respect in the world 文化上的、语言上的无知和无所谓正在使我们失去朋友、商机、和尊严判断选项中的“limit their role in world affairs”符合题意。5.The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that_.A . it is necessary
31、to use several languages in public placesB . it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsC . it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsD . it is time to get acquainted with other cultures提交的答案: it is time to get acquainted with other cultures正确答案: it is time to get acquainted
32、 with other cultures题目详解:要点：根据文章最后一段中的to play a more significant role 起更重要的作用、to have a hand in the important decisions 参与重大决策判断选项中的“it is time to get acquainted with other cultures”符合题意。窗体顶端British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the t
33、radition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students toning a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks. The government responded to the universities threat by setting up
34、 the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter ( 调解人） , Sir Ron Dearing. One in three school-leavers enters higher education. five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago. Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the stra
35、in after rapid expansion needs a lot more money but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business. Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a r
36、evolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearings advice, hoping it will not be too late some are already reported to be in financial difficulty. As the century near
37、s its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to Students as consumers. The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers organiza
38、tion, wants even mere expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervisio
39、n giving way to. mass production methods more typical of European universities.1.The chief concern of British universities is _.A . how to tackle their present financial difficultyB . how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesC . how to improve their educational technologyD . how
40、to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration提交的答案:how to tackle their present financial difficulty正确答案:how to tackle their present financial difficulty题目详解:要点：根据第一段文章最后一句中的does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks 如果政府不采取措施解决他们的经济问题和减少公共开支费用的话判断
41、出，选项中的“how to tackle their present financial difficulty”符合题意。2.We can learn from the passage that in Britain _.A . students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuitionB . higher education is provided free of chargeC . the government pays dearly for its financial policyD . universities are mainly fu
42、nded by businesses提交的答案:higher education is provided free of charge正确答案:higher education is provided free of charge题目详解:要点：根据第五段文章的第一句中的something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain 在别的地方很普通的事，在英国就是一场革新判断出，选项中的“higher education is provided free of c
43、harge”切题。3.What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?A . About 15%B . 20% or soC . Below 10%.D . Above 30%.提交的答案:Below 10%.正确答案:Below 10%.题目详解:要点：根据第三段文章 five times the number 是30年以前最后一次统计数的五倍判断出，选项中的“Below 10%.”符合题意4.It can be inferred fro
44、m the passage that _.A . British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of qualityB . the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterpartsC . the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher educationD . British students will
45、probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future提交的答案:British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future正确答案:British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future题目详解:要点：根据第五段的第一句中的students should contribute t
46、o tuition costs 学生们应该承担学费判断出，选项中的“British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future”符合题意。5.Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?A . European universities can better meet the needs of the modem world.B . British universities should expa
47、nd their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.C . the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterpartsD . British universities should help fight competition on world markets.提交的答案: European universities can better meet the needs of the modem world.正确答案: the best way
48、 out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts题目详解:要点：根据文章的最后一句中的quality has suffered as student numbers soared 教育质量随着学生人数的增加而下降判断出，选项中的“Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education”切题。窗体顶端Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and the ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery a