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1、一、项目概要及研究目的、意义随着我国经济的快速增长，作为基础工业之一的交通运输业有了重大的发展，桥梁的建设也取得了长足的进步。近十几年来，我国建设了许多大跨径桥梁。其中大型钢桥结构以其轻量化和经济性得到了广泛的应用，在公路交通中起着越来越重要的枢纽的作用。同时，随着交通量和重型车的迅速增加，特别是近年来超载现象严重，使桥面铺装的破坏情况越来越严重，有为数不少的桥梁通车后不久，桥面铺装就不同程度的出现了裂缝、拥抱、车辙、破碎、脱落等病害。因此，桥面铺装成为制约大跨径钢桥建设和发展的一项关键技术。对于交通量大的大跨径桥梁的桥面铺装，维护较困难，一旦破坏，就必须进行维修，导致交通阻塞，因而造成不可估
2、量的经济效益和社会效益的损失。所以开展大型钢桥桥面铺装新型材料的研发与应用具有十分重要的意义。桥面铺装是桥梁结构中复杂又重要的组成部分，其质量的好坏对于桥梁在建成营运期间的行车安全性、舒适性以及美观性等方面都起着至关重要的作用。桥面铺装的主要功能有以下几个方面:一是可以分散荷载并参与桥面结构的共同受力;二是联络各主梁使其协同作用;三是作为保护层防止桥面结构部分磨损或受到雨水侵袭。鉴于此，桥面铺装应具有足够的强度和良好的整体性，并且具有足够的抗车辙、抗裂、抗疲劳、抗冲击和耐磨性能。钢桥面铺装是铺设在正交异性钢桥面板上，保护钢板并提供良好行驶性能的薄形构筑物。通常采用热塑性或热固性沥青混凝土作为铺
3、装材料，铺装层通过防水粘结层与钢板紧密连接，共同承受车辆荷载、温度及风载等引起的应力和变形。由于车辆荷载及温度等自然因素的影响，特别是超载现象的出现，加速了桥面铺装的破坏。沥青混凝土桥面铺装与正常路面和水泥混凝土桥面铺装相比，损坏形式有所不同，首先，沥青混凝土桥面铺装层内部产生较大的剪应力，引起不确定破坏面的剪切变形，或者由于铺装层与桥面板层间结合面粘结力差，抗水平剪切能力较弱，在水平方向上产生相对位移发生剪切破坏，产生推移、拥包等病害；其次，因温度变化并伴随桥面板或梁结构的大挠度而产生的裂隙，在车辆荷载及渗入的水的作用下产生面层松散和坑槽等破坏。由于钢桥桥面板的刚度较小、变形复杂、局部变形大
4、以及受自然气候影响大等因素，更要求桥面沥青铺装具有良好的变形随从性。所以，研究开发一种能够解决大型钢桥桥面铺装的坑槽、裂缝、表面松散、车辙、推移、拥包等病害的新型材料及桥面铺装结构具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。为了克服沥青混凝土桥面铺装结构由于剪切及温度等因素所引起的桥面铺装的各种病害，国内外学者做了大量的研究工作。提出了采用高粘性沥青来克服在重载作用下铺装层与桥面板之间的界面剪应力较大，铺装层容易发生推移及由于温度差所引起的铺装层开裂等病害。与普通改性沥青相比，高粘性沥青具有更高的粘度、弹性和韧性等特点，能够较好的粘结桥面板与沥青铺装层。同时，高粘性沥青应对集料有耐久的包裹力和高粘附性，而且
5、还具有较强的抗剥离性、防水性等普通改性沥青所不具有的特性。因此，通过研发高粘性沥青及沥青混凝土材料作为大型钢桥的铺装层结构，可以有效减少桥面铺装病害的出现，减少桥面维修给交通带来的不便，从而节省维修费用。这对我国桥梁的发展，特别是大型钢桥的发展具有重大使用价值和经济效益。二、国内外研究概况国外对大跨径钢桥面铺装技术的研究有将近60年的历史，积累了相对丰富的经验。对于钢桥面铺装基本上都采用沥青混凝土体系。它具有良好的行驶性能，重量轻，适合于发展大跨径桥梁。目前，大跨径钢桥面铺装材料主要采用浇注式沥青混凝土、环氧沥青混凝土和沥青玛蹄脂碎石(SMA)。浇筑式沥青混凝土起源于德国，并在英国、瑞典、丹麦
6、、日本等国家得到较广泛的应用。它是一种岩沥青或湖沥青与道路沥青复合的沥青，或者采用高粘度的聚合物改性沥青，添加高剂量矿粉，与集料在 220以上的高温下经过长时间的拌和，配制而成。摊铺时高温的沥青混合料仍然具有流动性，采用特殊的滑板摊铺或者像水泥混凝土那样人工摊铺，不需要碾压。灌注式沥青混凝土的优点是孔隙率很小，接近零，防水性良好，具有良好的抗老化性能，不需要防水层，抗裂性能强，对钢板的追从性、与钢板间的粘结性能相对于一般沥青混凝土要好；摊铺采用浇筑的方式，摊铺时浇筑式沥青混凝土材料具有一定的流动性，不必进行碾压，能够自由流动密实成型。但是，灌注式沥青混凝土的高温稳定性较差，易形成车辙。环氧沥青
7、混凝土源于二十世纪六十年代的美国和加拿大，它是将环氧树脂加入沥青，然后添加固化剂发生硬化反应，形成不可逆的固化物，使沥青的性质由热塑性转化为热固性，从而物理力学性能得到提高。环氧沥青混凝土具有较好的粘结能力，不因温度变化和交通荷载的作用而脱落；较高的强度和较强的高温抗塑流性和低温抗裂性；有较高的疲劳强度，正常设计施工环境下可以达到使用寿命。但是，环氧沥青混凝土材料费用较高，配制工艺的技术资料在国外多属专利产品。施工的要求极为严格，而且混凝土初期强度低，养护时间长，易出现早期开裂等缺点。沥青玛蹄脂碎石（SMA）为德国和日本近年来广泛使用的桥面铺装层材料，沥青玛蹄脂碎石采用改性沥青并掺入纤维，是一
8、种典型的骨架密实型结构。SMA具有抗松散、柔韧性和抗裂能力强，具有良好的热稳定性、防水性能和耐久性；较强的抗永久变形的能力和抗塑流性能；具有良好的防滑性能，施工要求低，施工期短，费用较低。但是，SMA一般使铺装层较厚(一般大于60mm)，混合料的级配范围很窄，对拌合厂的生产要求交高。我国钢桥面铺装的尝试研究则从 20 世纪 80 年代开始。最早是使用普通密级配沥青混凝土，粘层也多采用乳化沥青。使用后发现，一般使用寿命只有几个月甚至数十天。此后，逐步开始采用改性沥青，粘结剂也曾经尝试过改性沥青乳化剂、环氧煤焦油等。1989 年，由同济大学与广东省肇庆市公路局联合对马坊北江桥钢桥面铺装进行了防治研
9、究，1991 年采用 PE+废橡胶粉改性沥青，粘结剂采用同样的材料，铺筑了厚度 5cmLH20I 及 2cmLH10 混合料两层式铺装，无损使用时间达到两年，但是两年过后即产生了严重推移、车辙及开裂等病害，并于 1997 年进行了重新铺装。近年来开始应用浇注式沥青混凝土及环氧沥青铺装材料，2004年安庆长江大桥使用浇注式沥青混凝土上加铺 SMA 铺装方案。环氧沥青混凝土在我国的研究是从20世纪90年代开始的，1994年在上海龙吴路石龙路口进行了试验路的铺筑。2000年9月，南京长江二桥首次使用环氧沥青混合料进行桥面铺装。2004年9月，润扬大桥的行车道铺装也采用了双层环氧沥青。环氧沥青铺装目前
10、使用情况相对乐观，但是由于环氧沥青对施工条件要求比较苛刻，一般单位很难达到其施工要求，所以推广普及有很大困难。目前大跨径钢桥桥面铺装结构主要可分为三类，即同质单层、同质双层、异质双层结构，世界上各个国家采用的结构形式也有所不同。其主要结构形式为：(1)德国：常采用底涂层+防水层+粘结层+铺装层；(2)丹麦：底涂层+防水层+保护层+联结层+铺装上层；(3)法国：粘结层+防水层+保护层+铺装层；(4)印度：铺装层+磨耗层；(5)日本：粘结层+防水层+铺装层。我国钢桥桥面铺装的结构出现过单层、双层至多层等形式，比如，将双层改性沥青SMA 应用广东虎门大桥、厦门海沧大桥，江阴大桥在重铺过程中在曾经破坏
11、最严重的梁段修筑了“双层环氧沥青混凝土”和“下层浇注式沥青混凝土、上层环氧沥青混凝土”的钢桥面铺装试验段。三、研究主要内容、技术路线、拟解决的问题通过对大型钢结构桥梁桥面铺装病害及国内外桥面铺装材料的分析，开展桥面铺装新型材料即高粘性沥青及沥青混合料的研发与应用。作为桥面铺装中的新型材料，高粘性沥青是经过特殊改性处理的具有极强的粘附力及抗剪切能力。作为桥面铺装材料，经过特殊改性的高粘性沥青与特殊级配的混合料相结合具有很好的高低温性能及抵抗水损害的能力。主要从高粘性沥青改性配方的研究、混合料级配研究、桥面铺装层结构的选择和力学分析等方面开展研究。1、主要研究内容1.1高粘性改性沥青研究1.1.1
12、化学分析研发高粘性改性沥青改性剂；1.1.2 室内制备高粘改性沥青；1.1.3进行高粘改性沥青的离析试验及离析后荧光显微镜观测，分析高粘改性沥青稳定性；1.1.4针入度分级下高粘性改性沥青技术性能评价；1.1.5 SuperPave沥青胶结料分级下高粘性改性沥青技术性能评价。1.2 桥面铺装高粘粘结层沥青洒布量的确定1.2.1将研发的高粘改性沥青作为桥面铺装粘粘结层，并进行黏附性能、抗拉强度、抗剪强度等技术性能研究；1.2.2高粘粘结层沥青最佳洒布用量的确定。1.3 桥面铺装层高粘性改性沥青混合料研究1.3.1适用于钢桥桥面铺装层高粘性沥青混合料级配研究；1.3.2 适用于钢桥桥面铺装层高粘性
13、沥青混合料配合比设计；1.3.3钢桥面铺装层高粘性沥青混合料路用性能及力学性能试验研究；（1）室内试验测定高粘改性沥青混合料路用性能。通过室内汉堡车辙试验、低温弯曲试验、四点弯曲梁疲劳试验、残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比试验等等分析高粘改性沥青混合料的路用性能。 （2）进行高粘改性沥青混合料不同加载温度和不同加载频率下的动态模量、相位角等力学性能试验。 （3）单轴贯入法测定高粘沥青混合料抗剪强度。1.4 桥面铺装层结构组合设计研究1.4.1钢桥桥面铺装层结构层力学分析（1）钢桥桥面铺装结构层结构组合设计（2）采用试验参数进行钢桥桥面铺装结构层结构组合的有限元分析1.4.2优选钢桥面铺装层结构。1.
14、5 试验段铺筑与跟踪观测1.5.1试验段铺筑；1.5.2施工技术总结。2、拟解决的关键问题2.1高粘性改性沥青的研发；2.2高粘性改性沥青钢桥桥面粘结层材料的研发与设计；2.3 高粘性改性沥青钢桥桥面铺装层及材料的研发与设计。3、拟采取的技术路线3.1高粘性改性沥青研究化学分析研发高粘沥青改性剂，制成具有较高的粘性，粘韧性和粘韧性的沥青材料。通过离析试验及离析后荧光显微镜观测，分析高粘改性沥青稳定性。进行针入度分级和Superpave沥青胶结料分级试验，提出适于大型钢桥桥面铺装的高粘性改性沥青的技术指标。3.2高粘性改性沥青钢桥面铺装粘结层的研究室内模拟粘结层在钢桥面板与桥面铺装层中间制成试验
15、试件，通过拉拔试验，抗剪切试验等研究粘结层的抗拉拔、抗剪切变形的能力，室内进一步调整研究适宜的粘结层高粘改性沥青及洒布量。3.3高粘性改性沥青钢桥面铺装层材料研究以高粘性改性沥青作为胶结料，进行适用于钢桥桥面铺装层高粘性沥青混合料级配研究并进行桥面铺装层高粘改性沥青混合料的配合比设计，测定高粘性沥青混合料路用性能及力学性能：（1）室内试验测定高粘改性沥青混合料路用性能。通过室内汉堡车辙试验、低温弯曲试验、四点弯曲梁疲劳试验、残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比试验等等分析高粘改性沥青混合料的路用性能。（2）进行高粘改性沥青混合料不同加载温度和不同加载频率下的动态模量、相位角等力学性能试验。（3）单轴贯入
16、法测定高粘沥青混合料抗剪强度。 3.4高粘性改性沥青桥面铺装层结构的研究采用试验参数进行钢桥桥面铺装结构层结构组合的有限元分析，优选钢桥面铺装层结构。3.5试验段铺筑与总结选取典型大型钢结构桥梁铺筑试验段并进行跟踪观测，总结施工技术，提出高粘性改性沥青钢桥桥面铺装层施工技术指南。四、考核目标1、研发适于大型钢桥桥面铺装用的高粘性改性沥青；2、提出高粘性改性沥青钢桥面粘结层施工技术指南；3、提出高粘性改性沥青钢桥桥面铺装层施工技术指南；4、提交项目研究报告并通过专家评审。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the
17、 party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each ot
18、her, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party
19、members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of la
20、ws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central
21、 Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus,
22、 draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision
23、of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (
24、a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not be
25、en able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is ba
26、nned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is
27、 in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the pract
28、ice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of miscondu
29、ct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party d
30、iscipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regul
31、ations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from
32、2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle
33、, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of
34、 experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) P
35、arty, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of o
36、pinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of
37、the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spir
38、it of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a
39、 whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution
40、. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee,
41、Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to fol
42、low, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party
43、of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majo
44、rity of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results trans
45、formation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and
46、 cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other
47、 requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problem