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1、钢筋混凝土外墙渗水的原因与防控湖北阳新建设工程质量监督站陈延芳柯于连摘要：近年来，随着城市的发展，高层钢筋混凝土结构愈来愈多，其剪力墙渗水现象也屡见不鲜。笔者通过工作实践和调研，对钢筋混凝土外墙渗水的原因进行了分析，并联系实际提出了科学的预防措施，对建筑工程防治此类通病和处理住户投诉具有指导意义。关键词：混凝土结构；墙体渗水；产生原因；防控措施一、前言 在建筑工程墙体渗水的各种现象中，人们往往只认为主要是框架填充墙渗水，而忽视了混凝土剪力墙也同样存在渗水。最近，笔者受理的几起内外墙体渗水投诉案例中，都非框架填充墙结构，而是全混凝土剪力墙结构，施工单位、建设单位（房地产开发单位）和住户都对钢筋混
2、凝土外墙渗水感到纳闷，百思不得其解，原因不明，治理不易。为此，必须高度重视混凝土外墙渗水，正确分析其原因，科学进行预防整治，已显得十分必要。二、渗水部位 建筑工程外墙渗水是常见的质量通病。混凝土剪力墙结构外墙渗水主要表现在墙面渗水、外窗四周渗水和预留孔洞处渗水三个部位。三、原因分析 通过调研，钢筋混凝土墙体渗水的原因主要由设计深度、自然因素、建筑选材、墙体结构及施工质量等诸多因素诱发。 3.1自然风压与设计不妥引起渗水。由于设计人员忽视了风压给高层建筑造成的影响，如果下雨时间过长，在风力的作用下墙体会发生渗漏。 3.2混凝土材料自身特性引起渗水。一是由于混凝土本身的特性是抗拉强度较低，所以外墙
3、在日晒雨淋下会发生热胀冷缩效应，这种温度效应会使得混凝土产生受拉微裂缝，从而导致墙面渗水。混凝土材料还有一个特性是浇注后会发生干缩效应，这种干缩效应也会使得混凝土墙体产生干缩裂缝。二是泵送混凝土收缩裂缝引起渗水，由于泵送混凝土具有收缩特性，而现浇混凝土相对较薄弱，因此在施工中产生裂缝的几率较高。一旦粉刷或面砖粘贴不当，极易造成渗水。 3.3混凝土施工质量问题引起渗水。在混凝土施工过程中，因混凝土振捣不密实，产生蜂窝、空洞、烂根，时间一长就形成收缩裂缝、渗水。 3.4外墙螺栓孔、预留孔及预埋管件引起渗水。外墙常见的预留孔既有施工方面也有设计方面。一是施工预留孔在后补时，未能填嵌严实，形成渗水通道
4、。有的预埋管件安装不牢固，或者外墙装饰后再凿洞打孔安装预埋件，或者预埋管件在施工中受到冲击，致使新旧砂浆结合不好而造成空鼓和裂缝，有的后安装预埋件不认真填塞导致渗水。二是混凝土外墙穿墙套管预留孔嵌填不密实造成渗水。在主体结构施工时，钢筋混凝土外墙两侧模板一般都采用对拉式穿墙拉杆连接，来确保构件的截面尺寸和使模板具有足够的刚度，施工单位常采取穿墙螺栓外加塑料管，拆摸后将螺栓抽出周转使用，这时混凝土构件上就会留下内外贯通的螺栓孔。从而会在外墙体上留下许多拉杆孔。这些孔洞若未做密封处理或者处理不当，就会留下渗水隐患。许多施工人员在粉刷前往往不认真处理，大都是在室内、外粉刷时，顺便从孔洞中抹入部分砂浆
5、，而孔的中部大多是空的。当外墙抹灰层在孔洞附近出现裂纹时，雨水很易在风压的作用下，沿孔洞渗入室内。三是墙洞渗水。高层建筑的井字架口、上人电梯口、塔吊附墙杆、拉结杆相应增多，在拆除脚手架连墙杆，有的截留在墙内，砂浆封堵不严密，形成渗水通道。四是设计预留孔。一般在民用建筑中，主要有空调冷凝水外排管孔和排气扇孔。在未安装相应的设备前，或安装设备后又未认真堵塞时，这些孔洞也是向墙室内渗水的通道。 3.5墙体装修抹灰引起渗水。砂浆外粉刷施工工序不当、基层处理过湿或过干、浇水不足或浇水过度引起面层干缩裂缝渗漏。有的施工单位片面认为外墙饰面砖具有良好的防水性能，因而忽略底层、中层的抹灰质量要求;有的擅自减薄
6、抹灰厚度;有的抹灰厚度不按规范“水泥砂浆每次抹灰厚度不宜大于57毫米”的要求分层施工，而是采用一遍抹灰成活，使抹灰层产生裂纹，为雨水渗漏开辟了路径。 3.6外墙饰面材料施工不良引起渗水。有的外墙采用饰面砖进行装饰，饰面砖具有不透水性，而粘结材料用的水泥容易造成饰面砖的四边灰浆不饱满而形成空腔，雨水就会沿缝隙进入饰面砖内的空腔里，因为饰面砖不透水，水被困于空腔内只能往室内渗。外墙饰面层为饰面砖时，其勾缝是外墙防水的重要环节，勾缝砂浆强度低或用纯水泥浆勾缝，勾缝不密实、不饱满、不光滑使雨水流速减缓，滞水时间、滞水量增多，形成很多毛细孔，在风压作用下，雨水从毛细孔渗入。有的外墙面砖镶贴空鼓或铺贴砂浆
7、不饱满，面砖与砂浆间空隙部分易形成储水囊。有的面砖质量不合格，面砖吸水率及耐冷、耐热性不符合要求，通过日晒雨淋影响而产生龟裂或釉面脱落。有的外墙粘砖前没有认真堵塞墙体上的孔洞和缝隙出现渗漏，如固定脚手架的铅丝洞，脚手洞等堵塞不严、砂浆饱满度达不到要求、灰缝不饱满等都易留下渗水的通道。此外，外墙涂料基本不能提供防水功能。 3.7细部构造不当引起渗漏。外墙许多构件容易造成渗漏，如：挑檐、雨蓬、阳台及凸出墙外的装饰线等，这些构件如未做滴水线或做得不标准，造成水沿外墙流淌。 3.8外墙窗框四周引起渗水。这也是当前墙面渗水的多发部位。造成铝合金或塑钢窗四周渗水的主要原因有以下几个方面。目前，铝合金或塑钢
8、门、窗框大多采用后塞口方法施工，即先预留门、窗洞口及埋件，待粉刷完工后再开始安装门、窗框，但往往预留洞口与门、窗框的尺寸配合不准确，致使缝隙尺寸或大或小，填塞不密实，形成蓄水空腔。也有的由于土建部门与安装部门互不配合对成品保护缺乏管理，往往使窗框凹损变形造成渗漏;有的工程采用较薄的铝合金窗框材料，刚度不够，也易造成窗框变形，形成渗漏；铝合金或塑钢门、窗框与预留洞口间没有用柔性材料填塞密和密封，受温度变形影响，连接部位必然开裂，造成渗水通道。玻璃胶嵌缝质量不高，或玻璃胶老化，胶边起壳，雨水沿胶边浸入缝隙内，起不到防水渗入的的作用。有的工程固定窗玻璃安装，只用铝合金压条固定，而没有用玻璃胶密封，进
9、行防水处理。有的铝合金或塑钢窗本身未作防水设计，推拉窗底框的内缘板未高过外缘，水在风力的作用下越过导轨毛条，跨过内缘板流入室内。有的铝合金或塑钢窗的下框底部基本与窗台线相平，玻璃窗上的雨水全部汇集在窗框下部，经窗台与窗下框交接处浸入室内。 3.9高层建筑裂缝引起墙面渗水。如外墙的收缩裂缝、顶楼上部的温度变形裂缝、地基基础不均匀沉降造成的裂缝等引起外墙墙面渗水。四、处理对策 住宅工程关系到广大百姓住有所居、安居乐业政策的有效落实。特别是房屋渗漏严重影响使用功能和观感质量，必须高度重视，理解政策。 4.1必须熟悉外墙面的防渗保修规定。根据国务院令279号建设工程质量管理条例、住房和城乡建设部令第8
10、0号房屋建筑工程质量保修办法，在正常使用下，建筑工程房间和外墙面的防渗漏，最低保修期限为5年，保修期从工程竣工验收合格之日起计算。若施工单位不进行质量保修或久拖处理不到位，建设单位可以另行委托其他单位保修，由原施工单位承担相应责任。 4.2必须明确住宅工程的质量保修责任单位。根据建筑法、住房和城乡建设部关于进一步强化住宅工程质量管理和责任的通知（建市201068号）以及原建设部关于加强住宅工程质量管理的若干意见（建质200418号）等有关规定，建设单位（含开发企业）是住宅工程质量的第一责任者，对建设的住宅工程的质量全面负责，保修期内发生住宅工程质量投诉的，由开发企业负责查明责任，并组织有关责任
11、方解决质量问题。暂时无法落实责任的，开发企业也应先行解决，待质量问题的原因查明后由责任方承担相关费用。同时，在保修期内，因住宅工程质量渗水等缺陷造成房屋所有人、使用人或者第三方人身、财产损害的，房屋所有人、使用人或者第三方可以向建设单位提出赔偿要求，建设单位可以向造成房屋建筑工程质量缺陷的责任方追偿。 五、渗水防控措施 治理混凝土墙体渗水，预防是根本。通过对混凝土外墙产生渗水的原因分析，它涉及建筑材料、设计、施工等各个方面，因此必须多管齐下，综合治理。 5.1设计图纸中应有外墙防水的构造详图，并要设计“三线”，即女儿墙和阳台栏板的的顶面应做阻水线和滴水线;窗楣处要做窗楣线或滴水线;窗台处要做窗
12、台线和滴水线。以防止雨水沿墙或沿窗面渗入室内，并可减少雨水对墙面的污染。 5.2高层建筑外墙设计，应充分考虑当地的气候条件，对多雨和多风的地区，外墙设计要有抗风压的防水措施。 5.3在外墙粉刷或装饰层外喷涂防水剂进行防水处理。高层住宅的建筑高，风压大，外墙渗水率较高。当外墙发生渗水后，检查和修缮施工又较困难，建议加强设防，当外墙粉刷和装修完成后，在外面喷涂无色透明并透气的墙面防水剂。同时，要改进施工工艺、提高墙外的抗渗能力，外墙抹灰有条件的要用防水砂浆，勾缝采用聚合物水泥砂浆以减弱水泥砂浆的脆性，抹灰前要将墙面充分润湿，坚持按照设计要求分层抹灰，严禁一遍成活。 5.4高层建筑的井字架口、上人电
13、梯口、塔吊附墙处、预留洞口的处理，应严格按照施工程序不留渗水隐患。外脚手架的连墙杆、悬挑架拆除时，将墙内钢管全部割除后要及时用砂浆堵洞（包括管道周边）严禁使用木锲塞洞。现浇混凝土外墙拆模后，立即将固定模板的螺栓孔凿成喇叭口，用掺入膨胀剂的砂浆堵好。对钢筋混凝土墙的穿墙拉接孔要用膨胀水泥填补密实，并在外墙侧用防水油膏封闭。 5.5施工中对混凝土墙面的浮浆，残留的木屑，露出的钢筋、铁丝要清理干净，以利抹灰砂浆与基层黏结牢固。混凝土墙体表面先涂刷一层界面剂，然后再做粉刷基层及面层。在泵送混凝土结构施工中，为防止混凝土干缩和温度差收缩产生裂缝，在混凝土预拌中掺入一定量的UAE膨胀剂，使混凝土产生适当的
14、膨胀，以补偿混凝土的收缩。混凝土浇捣后表面覆盖塑料博膜，保持混凝土处在潮湿状态下养护14天，充分发挥膨胀剂的作用，以提高混凝土的抗渗能力。 5.6外墙饰面砖防渗的关键是面砖缝的处理，粘贴和勾缝应采用聚合物水泥砂浆，它能形成独特的复合结构堵塞砂浆的孔隙。施工时以脚手架为层次，从下而上分段进行。面砖粘贴完毕，及时用11聚合物防水砂浆勾缝，先勾水平缝，后勾竖直缝，水平和垂直缝的交接处需压平无疙瘩，勾好的缝要溜光并凹进墙面，勾缝完毕后用棉丝搽净面砖，勾缝完毕检查无漏勾或其它疵病后，洒水养护若干天。镶帖面砖前应对基层认真进行清理，检查找平层有无空鼓、裂缝和不平整。如有应进行修整，然后用纯水泥浆（掺108
15、胶）在找平层上满刷一遍并进行拉毛处理。在镶贴面砖时，要提前浸水泡透，防止粘贴时砂浆失水，降低强度和粘接能力。镶贴面砖时，在女儿墙压顶、窗楣线、窗台线和排水口处，（下转第29页）（上接第26页）要坚持平面盖竖面的原则。 5.7外墙铝合金或塑钢门、窗的主要渗水部位在门窗框与四周墙体的结合处。因此做好门窗框四周缝隙的嵌填密实工作是防止雨水渗漏的关键所在。同时，外墙窗框四周渗水应采取结构自防水，施工时保证外窗台低于内窗台并按规范做好窗台坡度；按图集上的做法设置滴水槽或阴嘴；窗框与墙体之间留缝填嵌密实，并打防水密封膏。飘窗渗水主要由窗台倒反水或上窗楣滴水槽不合理引起的。认真处理好窗台根部的排水坡度、上窗
16、楣滴水槽或鹰嘴与两侧交接缝处等细节。窗台线的内侧要低于窗下框20-60毫米，然后向外做坡度不小于3%的外坡。窗台线凸出墙面应不小于60毫米，并在下口作滴水线，以防止雨水沿墙面流淌，浸入室内和污染墙面。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementati
17、on in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high s
18、tandard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces
19、two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key
20、 problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 201
21、5 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow t
22、he correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experie
23、nce of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen t
24、he construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also d
25、ifficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regula
26、tions repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very i
27、mportant role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is t
28、he political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party mem
29、bers. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party comp
30、asses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Dis
31、cipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4
32、review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of th
33、e Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of C
34、hina, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of
35、the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Stan
36、ding Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, emb
37、odies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised
38、 and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about di
39、scipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow
40、 the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of th
41、e and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution ab
42、out discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the
43、self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list
44、, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadr
45、es provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict
46、 political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and
47、effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Commun