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1、 1INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCEAnswers to Concept Questions1.In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firms management. This separation of ownership from control in the corpor
2、ate form of organization is what causes agency problems to exist. Management may act in its own or someone elses best interests, rather than those of the shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the equity of the firm.2.Such organizations freq
3、uently pursue social or political missions, so many different goals are conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; i.e., provide whatever goods and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe that even a not-for-profit bu
4、siness has equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to maximize the value of the equity.3.Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows, both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.4.An argumen
5、t can be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy, all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue
6、 that these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: “A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. Howeve
7、r, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?”5.The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of differing social, political, and economic institution
8、s.6.The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that this
9、 bidder or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not acti
10、ng in the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight corporate takeovers in situations such as this.7.We would expect agency problems to be less severe in oth
11、er countries, primarily due to the relatively small percentage of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher degree of agreement between owners and manage
12、rs on decisions concerning risky projects. In addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers than can individual owners, based on the institutions deeper resources and experiences with their own management. 8. The increase in institutional ownershi
13、p of stock in the United States and the growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control. However, this may not always be the case. If the managers of the mutual fund or pension plan
14、are not concerned with the interests of the investors, the agency problem could potentially remain the same, or even increase since there is the possibility of agency problems between the fund and its investors. 9.How much is too much? Who is worth more, Ray Irani or Tiger Woods? The simplest answer
15、 is that there is a market for executives just as there is for all types of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensatio
16、n has grown so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes arg
17、ued that much of this reward is simply due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential performance, i.e., stock price increases in excess of general market increases.10.Maximizing the curren
18、t share price is the same as maximizing the future share price at any future period. The value of a share of stock depends on all of the future cash flows of company. Another way to look at this is that, barring large cash payments to shareholders, the expected price of the stock must be higher in t
19、he future than it is today. Who would buy a stock for $100 today when the share price in one year is expected to be $80548 2FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CASH FLOWAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.True. Every asset can be converted to cash at some price. However, when we are ref
20、erring to a liquid asset, the added assumption that the asset can be quickly converted to cash at or near market value is important.2.The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the rev
21、enue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; its the way accountants have chosen to do it.3.The bottom line number shows the change in the cash balance on the balance sheet. As such, it is not a use
22、ful number for analyzing a company. 4.The major difference is the treatment of interest expense. The accounting statement of cash flows treats interest as an operating cash flow, while the financial cash flows treat interest as a financing cash flow. The logic of the accounting statement of cash flo
23、ws is that since interest appears on the income statement, which shows the operations for the period, it is an operating cash flow. In reality, interest is a financing expense, which results from the companys choice of debt and equity. We will have more to say about this in a later . When comparing
24、the two cash flow statements, the financial statement of cash flows is a more appropriate measure of the companys performance because of its treatment of interest.5.Market values can never be negative. Imagine a share of stock selling for $20. This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shar
25、es, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000. How many shares do you want to buy? More generally, because of corporate and individual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value.6.For a succe
26、ssful company that is rapidly expanding, for example, capital outlays will be large, possibly leading to negative cash flow from assets. In general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whether cash flow from assets is positive or negative.7.Its probably not a good sign for an esta
27、blished company to have negative cash flow from operations, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends.8. For example, if a company were to become more efficient in inventory management, the amount of inventory needed would decline. The same might be true if the company becomes be
28、tter at collecting its receivables. In general, anything that leads to a decline in ending NWC relative to beginning would have this effect. Negative net capital spending would mean more long-lived assets were liquidated than purchased.9.If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays
29、 in dividends in a particular period, its cash flow to stockholders will be negative. If a company borrows more than it pays in interest and principal, its cash flow to creditors will be negative.10.The adjustments discussed were purely accounting changes; they had no cash flow or market value conse
30、quences unless the new accounting information caused stockholders to revalue the derivatives.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end-of- problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps ar
31、e included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basic1.To find owners equity, we must construct a balance sheet as follows:Balance SheetCA$ 5,300CL$ 3,900NFA 26,000LTD14,200
32、OE ?TA$31,300TL & OE$31,300We know that total liabilities and owners equity (TL & OE) must equal total assets of $31,300. We also know that TL & OE is equal to current liabilities plus long-term debt plus owners equity, so owners equity is:OE = $31,300 14,200 3,900 = $13,200NWC = CA CL = $5,300 3,90
33、0 = $1,400 2.The income statement for the company is:Income StatementSales$493,000Costs 210,000Depreciation 35,000EBIT$248,000Interest 19,000EBT$229,000Taxes 80,150Net income$148,850One equation for net income is: Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings Rearranging, we get:Addition to
34、 retained earnings = Net income Dividends Addition to retained earnings = $148,850 50,000 Addition to retained earnings = $98,8503.To find the book value of current assets, we use: NWC = CA CL. Rearranging to solve for current assets, we get:CA = NWC + CL = $800,000 + 2,100,000 = $2,900,000The marke
35、t value of current assets and net fixed assets is given, so:Book value CA = $2,900,000Market value CA = $2,800,000Book value NFA= $5,000,000Market value NFA = $6,300,000Book value assets= $7,900,000Market value assets = $9,100,0004.Taxes = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($246K 100K) Taxe
36、s = $79,190The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by net income, so:Average tax rate = $79,190 / $246,000 Average tax rate = 32.19%The marginal tax rate is the tax rate on the next $1 of earnings, so the marginal tax rate = 39%.5.To calculate OCF, we first need the income statement:Incom
37、e StatementSales$14,900Costs 5,800Depreciation 1,300EBIT$7,800Interest 780Taxable income$7,020Taxes 2,808Net income$4,212OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes OCF = $7,800 + 1,300 2,808 OCF = $6,2926.Net capital spending = NFAend NFAbeg + Depreciation Net capital spending = $1,730,000 1,650,000 + 284,000
38、Net capital spending = $364,0007.The long-term debt account will increase by $10 million, the amount of the new long-term debt issue. Since the company sold 10 million new shares of stock with a $1 par value, the common stock account will increase by $10 million. The capital surplus account will inc
39、rease by $33 million, the value of the new stock sold above its par value. Since the company had a net income of $9 million, and paid $2 million in dividends, the addition to retained earnings was $7 million, which will increase the accumulated retained earnings account. So, the new long-term debt a
40、nd stockholders equity portion of the balance sheet will be:Long-term debt $ 82,000,000 Total long-term debt $ 82,000,000 Shareholders equityPreferred stock $ 9,000,000 Common stock ($1 par value) 30,000,000 Accumulated retained earnings 104,000,000 Capital surplus 76,000,000 Total equity $ 219,000,
41、000 Total Liabilities & Equity $ 301,000,000 8.Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid Net new borrowing Cash flow to creditors = $118,000 (LTDend LTDbeg) Cash flow to creditors = $118,000 ($1,390,000 1,340,000) Cash flow to creditors = $118,000 50,000 Cash flow to creditors = $68,0009.Cash flow to s
42、tockholders = Dividends paid Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = $385,000 (Commonend + APISend) (Commonbeg + APISbeg) Cash flow to stockholders = $385,000 ($450,000 + 3,050,000) ($430,000 + 2,600,000)Cash flow to stockholders = $385,000 ($3,500,000 3,030,000) Cash flow to stockholders = $85,0
43、00Note, APIS is the additional paid-in surplus.10.Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders = $68,000 85,000 = $17,000Cash flow from assets = $17,000 = OCF Change in NWC Net capital spending $17,000= OCF ($69,000) 875,000 Operating cash flow = $17,000 69,000 + 875,00
44、0 Operating cash flow = $789,000Intermediate11. a.The accounting statement of cash flows explains the change in cash during the year. The accounting statement of cash flows will be:Statement of cash flowsOperations Net income$105 Depreciation90 Changes in other current assets (55) Accounts payable (
45、10)Total cash flow from operations$170Investing activities Acquisition of fixed assets$(140)Total cash flow from investing activities$(140)Financing activities Proceeds of long-term debt$30 Dividends(45)Total cash flow from financing activities($15)Change in cash (on balance sheet) $15b.Change in NW
46、C = NWCend NWCbeg= (CAend CLend) (CAbeg CLbeg) = ($50 + 155) 85 ($35 + 140) 95) = $120 80 = $40c. To find the cash flow generated by the firms assets, we need the operating cash flow, and the capital spending. So, calculating each of these, we find:Operating cash flowNet income$105Depreciation 90 Operating cash flow$195Note that we can calculate OCF in this manner since there are no taxes.Capital spendingEnding fixed assets$340Beginning fixed assets(290)Depreciation 90 Capital spending$140Now we can calculate th