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1、Grammar,Verbs and the Members of a Sentence 动词的种类和句子成分 1. 动词的种类 英语的动词按大类分为助动词、表意动词和系动词。 助动词不能单独做谓语，只能与表意动词一起做谓语。它分为时态助动词和情态助动词两种。,时态助动词本身没有含义，用来帮助构成动词的时态、语态、语气和否定式。如：be; do; have; shall; will等。 情态助动词本身有一定的含义，用来表示愿望、可能等，但词意不完整，须与表意动词一起使用才能表达完整的意思。 如：can; may; must; have to; ought; should; would等。,表意动
2、词,也称为行为动词，能够完整地表达动作的意思，可以单独做谓语，系动词可以和它的表语一起构成谓语，它们对构成句型起决定性的作用。在这里重点对表意动词和系动词做介绍。,(1)表意动词：表意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。 (2)不及物动词： 不及物动词所表示的动作不要求有动作的承受者，它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语。如： The airplane flew. The price is rising. (3)及物动词：一般及物动词所表示的动作要求有动作的承受者。它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语+宾语。,如以下例句（黑体字为谓语，划线部分为宾语）： It will involve a vari
3、ety of affordable and innovative appliances. 有些及物动词要求直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，间接宾语表示动作的方向或目标（对谁或为谁做的）。这样的动词也叫双宾动词。它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语。,如：Pass me the hammer. （hammer是直接宾语，me是间接宾语） 如果想强调间接宾语，可将间接宾语移后，宾在其前面加上介词to， 如: Pass the hammer to me. 常见的双宾动词有：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, h
4、and, tell, return, write, pay, allow, wish, promise, award, grant, buy, save（节省）等等。,有些及物动词除要求直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子完整。这类动词称为“带补动词”或叫做“使动词”。宾语和宾语补足语一起叫做复合宾语，它们之间有逻辑上的主语和谓语的关系。它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。 如：（斜体部分是宾语补足语） Electricity can make a machine run. We consider the answer (to be) correct. We foun
5、d everything in the lab in good order.,常用的这类动词有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, hear, watch, notice, feel，let, keep, think, prefer等等。 当make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等动词后面的宾语补足语是不定式短语时，不定式应省略“to”。 当宾语比较长，而宾语补足语又相对比较短时，可用做形式宾语，将真正的宾语放到补语之后。如： They thought it right t
6、o do this test. （it是形式宾语）,3.系动词 系动词不能单独做谓语，需要和表语一起构成复合谓语。几乎所有的系动词都含有或者潜在含有一个“是”的含义。它构成的句型是：主语+系动词+表语。如：(划线部分是表语) The textbook is on the desk. I seem unable to solve it right now. It fees cold outside. 在英语中，系动词为数屈指可数。常用的有：be, become, seem, look, get, feel, mean等等。,Grammar 2 tenses,The Tenses 动词的时态 英语
7、动词因所表示的动作发生（存在）的时间不同，有时态的变化。 动词各种时态的构成请见下表： （以write为例）,1. 动词时态的构成（现在） 肯 定 例 词 一般 write; writes 进行 am (is, are) writing 完成 have (has) written 完成进行 have (has)been writing 否 定 例 词 一般 do (does) not write 进行 am (is, are ) not writing 完成 have (has)not written 完成进行 have (has) not been writing,动词时态的构成（过去） 肯
8、 定 例 词 一般 wrote 进行 was (were) writing 完成 had written 完成进行 had been writing 否 定 例 词 一般 did not write 进行 was (were) not writing 完成 had not written 完成进行 had not been writing,动词时态的构成（将来 ） 肯 定 例 词 一般 shall (will) write 进行 shall (will) be writing 完成 shall (will)have written 完成进行 shall (will) have been wri
9、ting 否 定 例 词 一般 shall (will) not write 进行 shall (will) not be writing 完成 shall (will) not have written 完成进行 shall (will) not have been writing,动词时态的构成（过去将来 ） 肯 定 例 词 一般 should (would) write 进行 should (would) be writing 完成 should (would) have written 完成进行 should (would) have been writing 否 定 例 词 一般 s
10、hould (would) not write 进行 should (would) not be writing 完成 should (would) not have written 完成进行 should (would) not have been writing,2.动词各种时态的用法及区别,(1) 一般现在时：表示经常发生的动作或状态，表示客观真理或习惯性动作。 如：It also monitors against attacks from hostile programs. 它还监视着恶意程序的攻击。 (2) 一般过去时：表示过去一次性动作或过去经常反复的动作或状态。 如：Mr. Gu
11、thrie said that they made the decision to list the addresses in machine code. 格思里先生说，他们当时决定用机器码编写名单。,(3) 一般将来时：表示将来的动作或状态。 如：It will defend against the denial of service attacks. 它将能防御“拒绝服务”的攻击。 (4) 过去将来时：表示过去某一时刻以后将发生的动作和状态。 如：Yesterday we decided that we should go to Shanghai next week. 昨天，我们决定下周去
12、上海。,(5) 现在进行时：表示此刻或目前一段时间正在进行或不断进行的动作。 如：These changes are coming not over night or out of the blue, rather they are the outgrowth of a steady series of changes that encompass much of our history. 正在发生的变化不是一个晚上或突然间就可以实现的，而是在经历了一系列重大变化的基础上产生的结果。,6) 过去进行时：过去某一时刻或某一阶段内正在进行的动作。 如：At ten this morning, I
13、was working in the open. 今晨十点，我正在露天作业。 (7) 将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 如：At this time tomorrow we shall be waiting for you here. 明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。,(8) 现在完成时：表示过去发生而对现在有影响的动作或过去一直继续到现在的动作或状态 。如：Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software. 现在赛门铁克公司说，他们已经创立了一类新的消费者软件。,(9) 过去完成时：在过去
14、某时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。 如：By the end of last week, I had studied English here for a year and a half. 到上周末为止，我在这儿已经学了一年半英语了。,(10)将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。 如：When you come tonight at 8 oclock, I shall have reviewed ten lessons. 你今晚十点回来时，我已复习完十课书。 (11)现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调延续过程。 如：He has been workin
15、g at the school for 30 years. 他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。,(12) 过去完成进行时：表示动作在过去某一时刻之前开始并延续到过去的这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能停止。 如：He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours. 他告诉我，他等了我两个小时。 此外，还有将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，两个时态很少使用，在此不作介绍。,1. 现在完成时和过去时的比较： He came last week. 他上周来的。（句中有表示过去时间的状语，着重表示过去发生的动作。至于他现在是否还在，并不考
16、虑。） He has come. 他已经来了。（着重过去动作的现状，或者说过去动作对现在的影响。即：他现在仍在，没走。）,2. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较 现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。 I have been reading the book for the whole day. 我整天一直在读这本书。（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。） I have read the book. 我读过这本书了。（说明读过或读完了。）,Grammar 3 passive voice,The Passive Voi
17、ce动词的被动语态 英语主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。 1.被动语态的构成： 被动语态的构成如下表：（以tell为例）,现在时 一般式 ： I am told He is told We (you, they) are told 进行式： I am being told He is being told We (you, they) are being told 完成式： He has been told I (you, we, they) have been told,过去时 一般式 ： I (he) was told We (you, they
18、) were told 进行式： I was being told We (you, they) were being told 完成式： I (he, you, we, they )had been told,将来时 一般式 ： I (we) shall be told He (you, they) will be told 进行式： 没有将来进行时 完成式： I (we) shall have been told He (you, they) will have been told,过去将来 一般式 ： I (we) should be told He (you, they) would
19、be told 进行式： 没有过去将来进行时 完成式： I (we) should have been told He (you, they) would have been told,2. 被动语态的用法： 当不知道或不关心动作的执行者时，当只知道或只想将注意力放在动作的承受者身上的时候使用被动语态。据说，在科技英语中几乎1/3的句子使用被动语态。,Grammar 4条件句,真实条件句 If +从句主语+一般现在时,主句主语+will /wont 动词原形 If we win the bid,it will encourage huge economic growth,subjunctive
20、 mood,The Subjunctive Mood虚拟语气 英语动词有陈述语气、疑问语气和虚拟语气之分。陈述语气和疑问语气就是由动词的时态的各种形式来表示，而虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中、用在某些表示方式、目的、让步等状语从句中和用在某些宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。它的表现形式与陈述语气的表现形式不同。,1. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的使用和构成 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的构成请看下表（条件从句以know为例；主句以go为例）,时 间 条件从句 : If I (you; he) 主 句: I (you; he) 与现在事实相反 条件从句: Knew (如果是be的话，不论 人称，一律变为
21、were) 主 句: should (would ) go,与过去事实相反 条件从句 : had known 主 句: should ( would ) have gone 与将来事实相反 条件从句: should know (were + to + 动词原形) 主 句: should (would ) go,例： (1) If he were here, he would help us. （非真实条件句表示与现在事实相反） (2) Had we known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even be
22、tter. （非真实条件句表示与过去事实相反, 条件从句省略if，主语、谓语部分倒置,Grammar 4 gerund,1. 动名词的构成 动名词是一种非谓语动词，有时态和语态的变化。以及物动词do为例，请见下表：,主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 动名词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如： Im thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon. 我打算今天下午去看工业展览。,2
23、. 动名词的用法 动名词在句中可做主语、宾语、表语和定语。 (1) 做主语 Sending signals back and forth is a bit of hassle. (2) 做宾语 It will begin trying to assimilate that information. （动名词短语做及物动词begin的宾语） By implanting a computer chip into his arm, one man hopes to establish the most direct link yet between man and machine. （动名词短语做介
24、词by的宾语）,Examples:,Seeing is believing. Preparing for the Olympic Games is a huge undertaking. Talking too much is no use. It is no use talking to much. 2. Do you like watching football games? Without preparing a very strong bid,a city will not win the competition to host the games. 3. His hobby is s
25、wimming.,注意：有些及物动词要求动名词做宾语 advise admit avoid consider delay enjoy delay excuse finish deny forgive mind keep miss practise prevent resist risk cant help doing sth give up,有些要求不定式做宾语， 如：want, wish, hope, promise, decide, expect, manage, pretend等等； 还有一些既可以要求动名词又可以要求不定式做宾语， 如：begin, start, hate, conti
26、nue, prefer, forget, try等等 。,注意区别下列动词的不定式和动名词的意义区别： Remember Forget Regret stop,动名词的语法功能,(1) 做表语 Our aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. (2) 做定语 Steel is one of the best building materials. 动名词做定语修饰名词，用来说明它所修饰的名词的用途。如上例，building materials建筑材料，有“建筑用的材料”意,3. 分词与动名词做定语时的区别 分词做定语时，与它
27、所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。动名词与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，只表示它所修饰的名词的用途和功用。,例如： 分词做定语： sleeping girl = a girl who is sleeping developed country = a country that has been developed 动名词做定语： swimming pool （swimming 仅仅用来说明pool的用途） reading material （reading仅仅用来说明material 的用途）,Grammar 5 adjective clause,Adjective Clause 定语从句
28、 1. 定语从句的构成 定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引起。关系代词和关系副词在从句中都充当句子成分。当关系代词引起定语从句时，特别要注意人称应与它所修饰的先行词一致。,(1)关系代词： who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but a. 在从句中做主语 Hackers are often young people who are obsessed by computers. b. 在从句中做宾语 He is the man whom we all respect.,c. 在从句中做定语 Telecom media communications manager G
29、len Sowry says that when it comes to security of credit cards, the Internet offers a higher standard than many others whose honesty is taken for granted.,注意: 先行词前面有限定词 all, any, every, a few, no, only, some, very 或序数词、形容词最高级时，后面的关系代词通常用that，不用which。如： You can take any seat that is free.,(2)关系副词：when
30、, where, why 在从句中做状语表示时间、地点、原因等。 如： That is the period when he lived here. （表示时间） That is the place where he was born. （表示地点） That is the reason why he spoke. （表示原因）,例句,Do you know the man who(that) came to see xiaowang this morning. He is the man whom we should learn from Do you know the girl I am
31、meeting tonight? I remembered the door which(that) had been green. This is the school which (that)I remembered so well. I have found the key I lost. So I started looking after other children whose parents went out to work.,2. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。 下面看两个例子： The travelers who (that) knew a
32、bout the floods took another road. (限制性定语从句) 知道涨大水的旅客走另一条路。（指部分旅客） The traveler, who knew about the floods, took another road. (非限制性定语从句),限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别在于： (1) 意义上的区别； (2)非限制性定语从句要用“，”把它和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用； (3)非限制性定语从句不用关联词that,只能用who, whom, whose和 which引起。,3. 关联词在定语从句中的省略 （1）which, that, whom 在限制
33、性定语从句中做宾语是常省略。 如：The lawyer (whom/ who/ that) I consulted gave me some useful advice. (2) that 可用于表示方式、时间、地点的词后面，取代 in which, when, where 常被省略。 如：This the house (where/ in which/ that) my father lived for 30 years.,Grammar 6 adverbial clause,Adverbial Clauses 状语从句 状语从句由从属连词引起，用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比
34、较、让步、条件等。,1. 时间状语从句： 表示时间的从属连词有：when, while, as, after, before, since, till (until), once, as soon as, hardly when (before), no sooner than, the moment等等。,(2) Well stay here till it stops raining. (3) Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. (4) Once you understand this rule,
35、you will have no further difficulty.,原因状语从句： 表示原因的从属连词有：because, as, since, now (that)等等。,As Mary is not ready, we must go without her. Now that the weather has improved, well be able to enjoy the game.,5.目的状语从句： 表示目的的从属连词有：that, so that, lest, in order that, for fear that等。 (1) We climbed high so t
36、hat we might get a better view. (2) People evacuated the building lest the wall should collapse.,其他语法点总结,Has been to/has gone to的区别 Morgan Rees has always been a good businessman. He has gone to Japan 将来时态的表达方式： be going to Im going to stay with my parents in July. 现在进行时代替一般将来 Im staying with my par
37、ents in July.,I plan to buy a new house this year. Im looking forward to meeting you again. Id like to be a manager. I want to go abroad this winter. I hope to go to university. I might apply for this job,I dont know yet.,Used to/ would/ be used to We used to be friends. We are used to learning Engl
38、ish every morning. what did she use to do during the week? my mother didnt use to work during the week. Did you use to see her very much?,Prefer to do/ prefer doing/prefer A to B I prefer English to law. I prefer going out to staying at home never/not often/hardly ever occasionally/now and again/ re
39、gularly/sometimes/from time to time/ usually/ always/ often,表示趋势的方法,The population decreased slightly from 6 million(6,000,000)to 5.5million(5,500,000)from1990 to 1995. There has been a rapid rise in inflation from 6% in 1995 to 7% today. Nouns A rise/an increase Verbs To go up/to increase/to rise N
40、ouns A decline/a decrease/a fall Verbs To decline/to decrease/to fall/to go down,slow slowly/ slight slightly steady steadily/ rapid rapidly sharp sharply/ significant significantly Inflation fell from 8% in 1992 to 6% in 1995. Unemployment has gone up rapidly from 4% in 1977 to 8% now. Inflation fe
41、ll by 2% between 1992 and 1995.,Until/already/since/for/before/just/still,When we arrived ,he had already/just left. His father had died before he got back. He waited until she had stopped talking. He had lived in France since he left university. The train still hadnt come by ten oclock. She had alw
42、ays liked classical music. We had lived there for five years before we bought a flat. They had just got home when we phoned,Have(get) sth done I cleaned the windowpanes. I repaired the roof. I had the window frames cleaned. I had the roof repaired. I had my hair cut yesterday. He had his bike repair
43、ed last week.,Need doing Need to do The roof needs repairing. My hair needs cutting. We need to study English. He needs to repair the bike. He neednt study English. He doesnt need to study English. Need he study English? Does he need to study English? Its +adj+doing Good/better/convenient/easy/easier/nice/nicer/safe/safer It is not easy studying English.,表示谈话人语气,Forever/ always He is forever telling lies. They are always borrowing books from me.,连词的用法,预祝大家顺利过关！,