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1、Comparative studies,1. 语义的差异 2. 语法的差异 3. 句法的差异 4. 思维的差异 Page17, 孙致礼,整体综合与细节分析synthetic vs analytical. 中国人习惯于概括综合,整体把握,不强求形式分析与逻辑推理; 英语国家的人重个体成分的独立作用及相互关系,强调形式分析和规则的制约.,In thinking:,3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis / hapotactic)与意合(parataxis / paratactic),Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or
2、 relationship of clauses with connective, for example, I shall despair if you dont come. (The American Heritage Dictionary),形合：句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。,3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与意合(parataxis/paratactic),意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。 英语：明示(overt cohe
3、sion) 汉语：隐含(covert coherence),Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connective showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.,形合:英语的句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成分层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式或空间式
4、”结构。 意合:汉语意合句则是按时间的先合顺序,即通过多个动词的连用或流水句形式,按时间顺序和事理推移的方法,一件一件交代清楚,一层一层铺开,呈现的是一个时间顺序的流水图形式. (Refer to Ex 2: 21),1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 形合: Lets go home, as it is late. 意合:已经晚了,我们回去吧.,1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 意合:我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功， 成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋学问与趣味) 形合: I have come across a great many br
5、ight and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.,2. 词形变化组句 vs 多个动词按时间顺序组句. 形合: He jumped up and haste
6、ned to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek. 意合:他跳起来,连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前,拿起毛巾,仔细察看脸上的伤口. 月亮故乡好,故乡好月亮.月好亮故乡,故乡月好亮. “有什么可吃的?” “您老,吃什么有什么.” “有什么吃什么!”,3. 英语多倒装句与汉语的不存 在倒装句. 形合: Never did I see him so angry. 意合:我从来没见到过他这么生气. 形合: Little does he know how much sufferin
7、g he has caused. 意合:他就不大知道他给别人造成了多大的痛苦. E: do, does, did; C: 一般词序不变,只增加某些词而已.,4. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. 形合: 复合句 意合:连动句 E: Refer to Ex 2: sentence 21. sentence 22,4. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. E:可以打破先后顺序或采取灵活的词序. 意合:注重动作的先后次序与因果的前后关系. 形合: After I had my dinner, I went for a walk. (I went for a walk after I had
8、 my dinner.) 意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步.,21. Dr. Smith (1) resumed重新开始the activities of anti-cancer experiment (2) begun in 1945 and (3)financed by the Federal government as soon as he (4) snapped 突然断裂from (5) his original disappointment at (6) repeated failures, which has (7) resulted in its forced suspension
9、暂停. 史密斯医生于(2) 1945年开始着手(3)由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于(6)屡遭失败而(5)感到沮丧， (7)被迫终止了实验工作, (4)现在他又重新振作起来， (1)恢复了抗癌实验活动。,22. (1) They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse (2) which destroys the old muscle-power jobs (3) that previous generations used as a means to fight their way ou
10、t of poverty. (recasting) (3)对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段， (2)而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。 (1)因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。,24. (1) The secret of the moon remained unveiled除去.的面纱 until the latter half of the twentieth century due to the lack of lunar space carrier, (2) for a series of questions concerning fuel, ma
11、terial, safe landing, propelling mechanism and particularly electronic computation etc. were too intricate复杂的, 错综的 to solve under the technical conditions early in this century, (3) which have since been undergoing profound change and greatly improving. (reversing /inserting) (3) 20世纪初，技术条件产生了深刻的变化，
12、有了极大的改进。 (2)但在当时的技术条件下，燃料、材料、安全着陆、推进装置，特别是电子计算等一系列的问题都 过于复杂，难以解决，没有登月运载工具。 (1)因此直到20世纪后期才揭开月球的秘密。,6. (1) Plastics is made from water (2) which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal (3) which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime (4
13、) which can be obtained from the calcinations煅烧 of limestone石灰石 widely present in nature. (cutting) (1)塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。 (2)水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源； (3)煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低； (4)石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,Exercise,她不老实,我不能信任她. 人不犯我,我不犯人.(attack ) 不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜? 狼披着羊皮还是狼.(wolf; in sheeps clothing) 玩火自焚. 他不来，我不去。 种
14、瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 吃苦在前，享受在后。 物极必反。 王琼 page 55-60,1.Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 2. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 3. If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall胆汁, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 4. A Wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing. 5. Whoev
15、er plays with fire will perish by fire.,key,6. If he doesnt come here, Ill not go there. 7. As you sow, so will you reap. 8. Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 9. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.,key,原文的形合句究竟是译成形和句还是意合句，应视
16、情况而定，不能“一刀切”。 E.g.: restructuring,Conclusion,王琼 page 55-60,Reference:,土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(account for) 科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变化。(contribute to；human activities) 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(by chance； correspondence) 我们应尽可能多地收集数据，以便找出它长期发展的趋势。(data, identify) 从图中可以看出，10年间食品价格有了大幅度的提高。,Translation,1. 土地的价格占了整个房价的30
17、%。(account for) Land prices account for 30% of the house prices. 2. 科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变化。(contribute to；human activities) Scientific evidence suggests that human activities are contributing to climate change. 3. 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(by chance； correspondence) Statistical analyses have shown that the
18、se correspondences are highly unlikely to have occurred by chance.,Translation,从图中可以看出，10年间食品价格有了大幅度的提高。It can be seen from the chart that food prices have rose dramatically in the past decade.,Translation,A The question of whether heredity (“nature”) or environment (“nurture”) is more important in
19、determining the course of human development has been debated through the centuries. For example, the seventeenth-century British philosopher John Locke rejected the prevailing notion of his day that babies were miniature adults who arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge and
20、 who simply had to grow in order for these inherited characteristics to appear. On the contrary, Locke believed that the mind of a newborn infant is a “blank slate” (tabula rasa). What gets written on this slate is what the baby experiences what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells and feels. Accor
21、ding to Locke, all knowledge comes to us through our senses. It is provided by experience; no knowledge or ideas are built in.,Translation,The question of whether heredity (“nature”) or environment (“nurture”) is more important in determining the course of human development has been debated through
22、the centuries. 分译：从句-主句 到底是否应该延迟退休，这一问题在中国已经争论了十年之久。 The question of whether the retirement age should be extended (to 60 or 65) has been debated for a decade. ( has been a hot topic),Translation,For example, the seventeenth-century British philosopher John Locke洛克约翰rejected the prevailing notion of
23、 his day that babies were miniature adults who arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge and who simply had to grow in order for these inherited characteristics to appear. Reject: refuse to agree to (a request)拒绝接受（请求)，不同意 Prevailing:占优势的;主要的 Notion: a conception of or belief
24、about something概念；观念；看法，见解,Translation,that babies were miniature adults who arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge and who simply had to grow in order for these inherited characteristics to appear. Miniature: a thing that is much smaller than normal, especially a small rep
25、lica or model小型物；微缩模型；缩影 Be equipped with: supply with the necessary items for a particular purpose 配备，装备 Inherit: derive (a quality, characteristic, or predisposition) genetically from ones parents or ancestors遗传而得（品质，特性，体质),Translation,For example, the seventeenth-century British philosopher John
26、Locke洛克约翰rejected the prevailing notion of his day that babies were miniature adults who arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge and who simply had to grow in order for these inherited characteristics to appear. In order： according to a particular sequence按顺序 分句：,Translation
27、,On the contrary, Locke believed that the mind of a newborn infant is a “blank slate” (tabula rasa). Slate: 石板,Translation,What gets written on this slate is what the baby experiences what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells and feels. According to Locke, all knowledge comes to us through our sens
28、es. It is provided by experience; no knowledge or ideas are built in. Built in： build sth in; build sth into sth： to make sth a fixed and permanent part of a system, a plan,etc.使成为(体系、计划等的)组成部份: a built-in cupboard 壁橱,Translation,What are the benefits of smaller classes on academic performance,Writi
29、ng,What is the figure about? (step 1) 1. Figure 1 displays data over an 18-year period (1986-2004), comparing the number of people employed in the manufacturing and service industries and also service industries and also showing the difference in male and female employment.,Writing: Task 6,2. During
30、 this period, there have been significantly more people employed in the service sector and the numbers have been increasingly steadily. 3. However, the numbers in manufacturing have declined. 4. It is noteworthy that there are now more female employees in the service industries than males and the ga
31、p seems to be expanding slightly.,Writing: Task 6,5. Conversely, there has been a greater number of males employed in manufacturing throughout the period. Numerically the gender gap has, if anything, increased in recent years in the manufacturing sector. This may reflect a global trend, or at least be in line with the general trend in the developed world.,Writing: Task 6,Step 1: subject Step 2: make a general comment on the main trend. Step 3: comment on some of the significant features Step 4: compare / contrast various aspects of the data Step 5: discuss the data,Writing: Task 6,