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1、Part Stative vs. Dynamic GROUP 11,English: Static vs. Chinese: Dynamic,1.English tend to be stative,characterized by nominalization(名词化)（prepositional phrases）and weakening of verbs(in the form of adjectives,adverbs.) 2.Chinese tend to be dynamic,marked with the prevailing(主要的)of verbs.,Stative Engl
2、ish 1.Nominalization（名词化） 2.Agentive nouns （施事者）in place of verbs. 3.Preparation- Prominent（名词优势） 4.Verbs-weaken（动词弱化与虚化） 5.Ajectives and adverbs in place of verbs（形容词、 副词表达动词的意义） 6.Nouns in place of adjectives to form headline phrase(标题式短语),1.Nominalization Nominalization refers to the replacement
3、of clauses, which contain finite verbs, with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 名词化主要指用名词（短语）来表达原来属于动词（短语）所表达的信息，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。,这次比赛她赢了，因而备受鼓舞。 She succeed in this match,so she felt encouraged. Her success in this match made her encouraged. 我们的儿子令我们失望。 Our son has disa
4、ppointed us. Our son has been a disappointment to us.,2. To use Agentive Nouns in place of Verbs 用名词表示施事者，以代替动词 他妹妹老是说谎。 His sister always lies. His sister is a great liar. 我恐怕不能教你打网球，我想杰克比我教得好。 I am afraid I cant teach you playing tennis.I think Jack is a better teacher than I.,3 Preparation- promi
5、nent(名词优势造成介词优势) （1）Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases 英语常用介词短语代替动词短语，即“以静代动” （2）“noun+preparation“ 名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。,（1） Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases 他们立刻出动去追击敌人。 They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. （They immediately set out to pursue the enemy.） 有人给他撑腰。
6、 He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him.) 他在读书。 He is at his books. (He is reading books.),(2)名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。 give rise to (arouse) make contact with (meet) arrive at a decision (decide) bring to a conclusion (finish) undertake a study of ( study) take into consideration ( consider)
7、 afford an opportunity to (allow),carry out experiments ( experiment) conduct an investigation into (investigate) of a kindly nature (kind) of an unusual character ( unusual) beyond the shadow of a doubt ( certain) due to the fact that ( because) on two separate occasions ( twice) in view of the for
8、egoing circumstances ( therefore),4. Verb- weaken动词的弱化与虚化 (1) 英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词-to be，其各种形式包括must be, maybe, should have been都缺乏动态感，由it或there与be构成的句式，其静态意味更加明显： 山脚有一栋大别墅。 There is a big villa at the foot of the hill. A big villa locates at the foot of the hill.,(2) 英语还常把动词转化或派生成名词,置于虚化动词(have, ma
9、ke, take, do)之后做其宾语,如have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal等。这类动词短语显得虚弱而平淡无味。如： 他和老板吵架之后就辞职了。 After he had a quarrel with his boss,he quit. After he quarreled with his boss,he quit.,5. Ajectives and Adverbs in place of Verbs （1）英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式
10、表达动词的意义。 她在睡觉。 She is asleep.(She is sleeping.) 他怀疑我的动机。 He is suspicious of my intentions. He suspects my intentions.,(2)英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。 我明天早上动身。 Im off tomorrow morning. 就经济力量而言，印度落后很远。 In terms of ecnomic sthrength, India is far behind.,6.Nouns in place of adjectives to form headline phrase(标题式短
11、语),报刊、新闻标题 科技英语 黄金储备 gold reserve 代沟 generation gap,Dynamic Chinese 1.动词连用是汉语常见现象 2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分 3.汉语动词常常重复或重叠,1.动词连用是汉语常见现象 连动式、兼语式、把字式、被动式 1）He thought his way out of the dilemma. 他想办法摆脱了困境（连动式） 2）We asked her to sing. 我们请 他唱歌（兼语式）,3）Go to the classroom and call him back 你去教室把 他叫回来（把字式） 4）I
12、was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism 我被 老师叫到办公室去做检讨（被字式）,2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分 2.1可充当助动词，置于主要动词的前后，形成动词连用。 他来借书 他借书来了 他来借书来了 Hes come to borrow books,2.2汉语动词可充当介词 葵花朵朵向 太阳 Sunflowers turn towards the sun 向 自然开战 to wage a battle against nature 人们来来往往 People are coming and g
13、oing 他往 东走去 He went in an eastward direction,2.3汉语动词常常重复或重叠 1）我等 着要上路，越等 越不耐烦，哪里是等 一会儿，一等 就是老半天。 I waited with growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time.,2）要吃 有吃，要穿 有穿。 You will have enough to eat and enough to wear. 3）来 的来，去 的去。 Some come, and others leave. 4）学问，学问，要学 要问 ，边学 边问 ，才有学问。 Acquistion of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation,汉语许多日常用语和文章标题，常用富于动态的动词，如果译成英语，常常要转换为富于静态的名词、形容词或副词，这样才比较有“洋味”。 1）走开！ Stay away! 2）别管我！ Leave me alone! 3）他吃素，不吃荤 He is a vegetarian,THANK YOU!,